Wanene ya ƙirƙira Intanet?

Muna cikin 50s a Amurka. Lokaci ne na yakin cacar baka, rikicin akida da kimiyya tsakanin kungiyar da Amurkawa ke wakilta da kuma wacce Tarayyar Soviet ke jagoranta. Ci gaba a kan abokan gaba babbar nasara ce, kamar tseren sararin samaniya. Saboda wannan dalili, Shugaba Eisenhower ya ƙirƙiri Hukumar Ayyukan Bincike na Ci gaba (ARPA) a cikin 1958. Shekaru bayan haka, ya sami D, don Tsaro, kuma ya zama DARPA. Hukumar ta hada kai da masana da masana’antu don bunkasa fasahohi a bangarori daban-daban, ba aikin soja kadai ba.

Ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na ɓangaren kwamfuta na ARPA shine JCR Licklider, daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, MIT, kuma an yi hayar bayan da aka yi la'akari game da hanyar sadarwa na kwakwalwa wanda za'a iya samun damar yin amfani da kowane bayanai. Ya shuka iri na duk wannan a cikin hukumar.

Wani babban ci gaba shine ƙirƙirar tsarin canza fakiti, hanyar musayar bayanai tsakanin injuna. Ana aika raka'a na bayanai, ko fakiti, ɗaya bayan ɗaya ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa. Tsarin ya yi sauri fiye da tashoshi na tushen kewayawa kuma yana goyan bayan wurare daban-daban, ba kawai nuni zuwa nuni ba. An gudanar da wannan binciken ne ta ƙungiyoyi masu kama da juna, irin su Paul Baran na Cibiyar RAND, Donald Davies da Roger Scantlebury na Laboratory Physical UK, da Lawrence Roberts na ARPA.

Akwai kuma nazari da aikace-aikacen nodes, wuraren haɗin kai na bayanai. Gada ne tsakanin injinan da ke sadarwa da juna kuma suna aiki a matsayin wurin sarrafawa, don kada bayanan su ɓace yayin tafiya kuma dole ne a sake kunna watsawa gaba ɗaya. Dukkanin hanyoyin sadarwa an yi su ne a gindin kebul, kuma sansanonin sojoji da cibiyoyin bincike su ne na farko saboda sun riga sun mallaki wannan tsari.

An haifi ARPANET

A cikin Fabrairun 1966, an fara magana akan hanyar sadarwa ta ARPA, ko ARPANET. Mataki na gaba shine haɓaka IMPs, hanyoyin sarrafa saƙo. Su ne tsaka-tsakin nodes, waɗanda za su haɗa wuraren cibiyar sadarwa. Kuna iya kiran su kakannin hanyoyin sadarwa. Amma duk abin ya kasance sabo ne wanda ba a kafa haɗin farko zuwa cibiyar sadarwar ba har sai Oktoba 29, 1969. Ya faru tsakanin UCLA, Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, da Cibiyar Nazarin Stanford, kusan kilomita 650 daga nesa. .

Saƙon farko da aka yi musayar zai kasance saƙon shiga kuma ya tafi daidai. An gano haruffa biyu na farko a daya gefen, amma sai tsarin ya tafi offline. Haka ne: wannan shine ranar haɗin farko da kuma karo na farko. Kuma kalmar farko da aka watsa ita ce… "shi".

Cibiyar sadarwa ta ARPANET ta farko na nodes ta kasance a shirye a ƙarshen wannan shekarar kuma ta riga ta yi aiki sosai, ta haɗa maki biyu da aka ambata a sama, Jami'ar California a Santa Barbara da Jami'ar Utah School of Informatics, kadan daga nesa, a cikin Gishiri. Birnin Lake. ARPANET shine babban magabacin abin da muke kira Intanet.

Kuma ko da yake farkon siginar soja ne, yunƙurin haɓaka duk wannan fasaha shine ilimi. Akwai tatsuniyar cewa ARPANET wata hanya ce ta adana bayanai idan an kai harin makaman nukiliya, amma babban buri shi ne masana kimiyya su yi sadarwa tare da takaita nesa.

Fadada da haɓakawa

A cikin 71, an riga an sami maki 15 a cikin hanyar sadarwa, wani ɓangare na wanda zai yiwu godiya ga ci gaban PNC. Yarjejeniyar Sarrafa hanyar sadarwa ita ce ka'idar uwar garken farko ta ARPANET kuma ta ayyana duk hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin maki biyu. Shi ne abin da ya ba da izinin ƙarin hadaddun hulɗa, kamar raba fayil da amfani da injuna mai nisa.

A cikin Oktoba 72, zanga-zangar farko ta jama'a ta ARPANET Robert Kahn ne ya yi a taron kwamfuta. A waccan shekarar an ƙirƙira imel, hanya mafi sauƙi ta musayar saƙonni waɗanda muka riga muka tattauna a cikin tashar. A wancan lokacin, an riga an haɗa maki 29.

Wannan ita ce shekarar da muka fara ganin haɗin kai na farko na transatlantic, tsakanin ARPANET da tsarin NORSAR na Norwegian, ta tauraron dan adam. Ba da daɗewa ba, haɗin London ya zo. Saboda haka ra'ayin cewa duniya na buƙatar cibiyar sadarwa na gine-ginen da aka bude. Yana da ma'ana a cikin duniya, saboda in ba haka ba za mu sami ƙananan ƙananan kulake kawai da aka haɗa, amma ba juna ba kuma kowannensu yana da gine-gine da ladabi daban-daban. Zai zama aiki mai yawa don ɗaure shi gaba ɗaya.

Amma akwai matsala: ka'idar NCP bai isa ba don wannan buɗaɗɗen musayar fakiti tsakanin cibiyoyin sadarwa daban-daban. Wannan shine lokacin da Vint Cerf da Robert Kahn suka fara aiki don maye gurbinsu.

Wani aikin gefe shine Ethernet, wanda aka haɓaka a sanannen Xerox Parc a cikin 73. A halin yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin matakan haɗin bayanai, kuma ya fara azaman saitin ma'anar igiyoyin lantarki da sigina don haɗin gida. Injiniya Bob Metcalfe ya bar Xerox a ƙarshen shekaru goma don ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa da shawo kan kamfanoni don amfani da ma'auni. To, ya yi nasara.

A cikin 1975, ARPANET ana ɗaukarsa yana aiki kuma yana da injuna 57. Haka kuma a cikin wannan shekarar ne wata hukumar tsaron Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanar da aikin. Lura cewa har yanzu wannan hanyar sadarwar ba ta da tunanin kasuwanci, kawai na soja da na kimiyya. Ba a ƙarfafa tattaunawar sirri, amma ba a hana su ba.

Juyin juya halin TCP/IP

Sannan aka haifi TCP/IP, ko Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwar Bar Internet Protocol. Ya kasance kuma har yanzu shine tsarin sadarwa na na'urori, saiti na yadudduka waɗanda suka kafa wannan haɗin ba tare da sake gina duk hanyoyin sadarwar da aka kafa ba har sai lokacin.

IP shine madaidaicin adireshi na masu aika fakiti da masu karɓa. Na san cewa duk wannan ya fi rikitarwa, amma batunmu a nan ya bambanta.

A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1983, ARPANET a hukumance ta canza yarjejeniya daga NCP zuwa TCP/IP a wani ci gaban Intanet. Kuma wadanda ke da alhakin Robert Kahn da Vint Cerf sun sanya sunayensu a cikin tarihin fasaha har abada. A shekara mai zuwa, hanyar sadarwar ta rabu gida biyu. Wani bangare na sadarwa da musayar fayilolin soja, MILNET, da bangaren farar hula da na kimiyya wanda har yanzu ake kira ARPANET, amma ba tare da wasu nodes na asali ba. A fili yake cewa ba za ta tsira ita kadai ba.

hada shi duka

A shekara ta 1985, Intanet ta riga ta zama fasahar sadarwa tsakanin masu bincike da masu haɓakawa, amma sunan bai fara amfani da shi ba sai a ƙarshen shekaru goma, lokacin da cibiyoyin sadarwa suka fara samar da tsari guda ɗaya. Kadan kadan, zai fito daga jami'o'i kuma ya fara karbe shi daga duniyar kasuwanci kuma, a ƙarshe, ta hanyar cin abinci na jama'a.

Don haka muna ganin fashewar ƙananan cibiyoyin sadarwa waɗanda suka riga sun sami ƙaramin al'umma mai da hankali kan wani abu. Wannan lamari ne na CSNet, wanda ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyin binciken kimiyyar kwamfuta kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin kimiyya na farko. Ko Usenet, wanda shine mafarin tattaunawa ko ƙungiyoyin labarai kuma an ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1979.

Kuma Bitnet, wanda aka kirkira a cikin 81 don imel da canja wurin fayil, wanda ya haɗa fiye da jami'o'i 2500 a duniya. Wani sanannen shine NSFNET, daga tushe na kimiyyar Amurka guda ɗaya wanda ke kula da CSNet, don sauƙaƙe damar masu bincike zuwa manyan kwamfutoci da bayanan bayanai. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ƙa'idar da ARPANET ta gabatar kuma ya taimaka yada shigar da sabobin. Wannan ya ƙare a cikin samuwar NSFNET kashin baya, wanda ya kasance 56 kbps.

Kuma, ba shakka, muna ƙarin magana game da Amurka, amma ƙasashe da yawa sun kiyaye irin wannan cibiyoyin sadarwa na ciki kuma sun faɗaɗa zuwa TCP/IP sannan suka kewaya zuwa ma'aunin WWW na tsawon lokaci. Akwai MINITEL na Faransa, alal misali, wanda ke kan iska har zuwa 2012.

Shekarun 80 suna aiki don faɗaɗa Intanet ɗin matasa har yanzu da ƙarfafa abubuwan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin nodes, musamman haɓaka ƙofofin ƙofofin da hanyoyin sadarwa na gaba. A cikin rabin farko na shekaru goma, an haifi kwamfutar ta sirri tare da IBM PC da Macintosh. Kuma an fara ɗaukar wasu ka'idoji don ayyuka daban-daban.

Mutane da yawa sun yi amfani da Yarjejeniyar Canja wurin Fayil, tsohuwar FTP, don yin sigar saukewa ta asali. Fasahar DNS, wacce hanya ce ta fassara yanki zuwa adireshin IP, ita ma ta bayyana a shekarun 80 kuma a hankali aka karbe ta.

Tsakanin 87 zuwa 91, ana fitar da Intanet don amfani da kasuwanci a Amurka, tare da maye gurbin ARPANET da NSFNET kashin baya, tare da masu zaman kansu da sababbin hanyoyin shiga hanyar sadarwa a wajen jami'o'i da da'irar soja. Amma akwai 'yan masu sha'awar kuma kaɗan waɗanda suke ganin yiwuwar. Wani abu ya ɓace don sauƙaƙe kewayawa kuma ya fi shahara.

Juyin juya halin yakin duniya na biyu

Batu na gaba akan tafiyarmu shine CERN, dakin binciken binciken nukiliya na Turai. A cikin 1989, Timothy Berners-Lee, ko Tim, yana so ya inganta musayar takardu tsakanin masu amfani tare da injiniya Robert Cailliau. Yi tunanin tsarin don samun bayanai game da haɗin kai tsakanin duk kwamfutocin da aka haɗa da musayar fayiloli cikin sauƙi.

Maganin shine a yi amfani da fasahar data kasance amma ta asali mai suna hypertext. Haka ne, waɗannan kalmomi ko hotuna masu haɗawa waɗanda za su kai ku zuwa wani wuri akan intanet akan buƙata. Shugaban Tim bai yi sha'awar ra'ayin ba kuma ya ga cewa ba shi da tabbas, don haka aikin dole ne ya girma.

Idan labarin yayi kyau fa? A cikin 1990, akwai "kawai" waɗannan ci gaba guda uku: URLs, ko adireshi na musamman don gano asalin shafukan yanar gizon. HTTP, ko hypertext transfer protocol, wanda shine ainihin hanyar sadarwa, da HTML, wanda shine tsarin da aka zaɓa don shimfidar abun ciki. Ta haka ne aka haifi Gidan Yanar Gizo na Duniya, ko WWW, sunan da ya kirkira kuma muka fassara shi da Yanar Gizo na Duniya.

Tim ya yi hasashen sararin sararin samaniya, don haka ba za a buƙaci izini don aikawa ba, balle kullin tsakiya wanda zai iya daidaita komai idan ya faɗi. Ya kuma riga ya yi imani da tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki, wanda kuke biyan sabis ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Gidan yanar gizon zai ci gaba da kasancewa na duniya kuma tare da lambobin abokantaka ta yadda ba kawai a hannun 'yan kaɗan ba. Mun san cewa a aikace Intanet ba ta da kyau sosai, amma idan aka kwatanta da abin da yake a da, komai ya zama dimokuradiyya sosai kuma yanayin ya ba da murya ga mutane da yawa.

A cikin kunshin, Tim ya kirkiro editan farko da mai bincike, WorldWideWeb tare. Ya bar CERN a cikin 94 don samo Gidauniyar Yanar Gizo ta Duniya da kuma taimakawa haɓakawa da yada ka'idodin Intanet na buɗe. Yau har yanzu shi ne shugaba. Kuma babban nasararsa ta ƙarshe a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ita ce yada ka'idojin HTTP da yanar gizo tare da lambar da aka saki wanda ke ba da biyan kuɗi. Wannan ya sauƙaƙe yaduwar wannan fasaha.

Shekara guda da ta gabata an ƙirƙiri Musa, mai bincike na farko tare da bayanan hoto, ba kawai rubutu ba. Ya zama Netscape Navigator kuma sauran tarihi ne. Yawancin abubuwan da muke amfani da su a yau sun fara a cikin wannan shekaru goma: injunan bincike, ciyarwar RSS, Flash ɗin ƙauna da ƙiyayya, da sauransu. Don ba ku ra'ayi, an ƙirƙiri IRC a cikin '88, ICQ ya fito a cikin' 96 da Napster a cikin '99. Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da tarihin daban-daban har yanzu suna zuwa.

Kuma duba yadda muka samu. Daga haɗin kebul tsakanin jami'o'i, an sami sauyi zuwa manyan hanyoyin sadarwa waɗanda ke amfani da harshe ɗaya na sadarwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya zo duniya kuma daidaitaccen sarari don musayar abun ciki, tare da haɗin tarho zuwa hanyar sadarwa. Mutane da yawa sun fara amfani da Intanet a can, tare da wannan tsattsauran hayaniyar da ke aiki don gwada layin, yana nuna yiwuwar saurin Intanet kuma a ƙarshe ya kafa siginar watsawa.

Wannan haɗin ya yi sauri kuma ya zama broadband. A yau da kyar ba za mu iya tunanin rayuwarmu ba tare da watsa siginar waya ba, wanda shine WiFi, da kuma bayanan wayar hannu ba tare da buƙatar hanyar shiga ba, wato 3G, 4G, da sauransu. Har ma muna fuskantar matsaloli saboda yawan zirga-zirga: ma'aunin IPV4 yana cunkushe da adireshi kuma ƙaura zuwa IPV6 yana jinkiri, amma zai zo.