Canon

Wannan alama ce da mutane da yawa ke so. Canon wani kamfani ne da ya shahara a duniya. A yau, suna da kyamarori masu ɗaukar hoto da kuma DSLRs.

Canon yana yin ruwan tabarau da yawa, gami da jerin 3L, waɗanda ake ɗaukar mafi kyawun hoto da tura abokin hamayyar Sony cikin gasar.

Nikon

Yawancin ƙwararrun masu daukar hoto suna amfani da Nikon, wanda ke yin babban layin kyamarori masu sauƙin amfani.

Wannan alamar ba ta da sha'awar yin kyamarori don matasa ko kasuwar da za a iya zubarwa. Su samfurori ne na mafi kyawun inganci kuma tare da dorewa mai kyau.

Sony

Sony na ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni na farko da suka shiga kasuwar kyamarar dijital kuma a yau ya rage gaban gasar a cikin sashin.

Tana da layin DSLR; duk da haka, an mayar da hankali sosai a kan kasuwar batu-da-harbi. Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukan shawarar kasuwanci ce mai kyau don haɗa matasa da kayayyakinsu don su zama masu siyan nan gaba.

Pentax

Idan ya zo ga farashi, inganci da gogewa, babu kamfani da ke gasa da Pentax. Canon da Nikon za su yi tsada fiye da kyamarar Pentax iri ɗaya, don haka tabbas yana da daraja kwatanta su.

An san wannan alamar don gina kyamarar abin dogara. An kuma san shi don rashin amfani da dabarun tallan yaudara.

Ya dace da nau'ikan ruwan tabarau daban-daban, yana ba ku damar amfani da wanda kuka riga kuka mallaka. Kuma kyamarar kyamarar hotonta mai hana ruwa ta Optio ya cancanci a ambata.

Olympus

Yawancin masu amfani suna son abin da suke gani akan Olympus, wanda galibi ana yin watsi da shi saboda ba shi da gani sosai.

Wannan alamar tana ba da kyan gani mai kyau tare da abubuwa masu yawa da kuma farashi mai mahimmanci, yana sa ya zama babban zaɓi ga duk wanda ke neman wani zaɓi mai araha.

Samsung

Samsung yana ba da kyamarar dijital mai araha mai salo da sauƙin amfani.

Kamar Olympus, yana da mafi kyawun fasahar fasaha don ƙananan kuɗi. Hakanan yana da tsarin canja wurin hoto mai dacewa kuma mai sauƙin amfani.

Panasonic

Amintacce kuma mai sauƙin amfani, kyamarori suna ɗaukar hotuna masu kyau kuma yanayin 3D tabbas ya cancanci ambaton.

Mutane da yawa sun yarda cewa wannan alamar yana da kyau darajar kudi. Tabbatar duba shi lokacin da za ku yanke shawarar wane ne mafi kyawun saya a gare ku.

Casio

Wannan alamar kamara ce wacce sau da yawa ba a lura da ita ba. Kada a yaudare ku da ƙaramin girman, saboda yana yin aiki mai kyau.

Duba waɗannan samfuran 8 babbar hanya ce don fara binciken ku na kyamarori na dijital.

Shin kun san mafi kyawun kyamarori na dijital?

Kyamarar dijital sanannu ne abubuwan da masu siye ke saya. Godiya ga sauƙin amfani, ba lallai ba ne don samun ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don ɗaukar hotuna masu kyau.

Binciken da aka gudanar don tantance ra'ayin mabukaci ya nuna waɗanda aka fi nema bayan kyamarorin dijital. Bincika duk zaɓuɓɓukan, tuna cewa za a iya samun kyamarori daga layi ɗaya tare da ingantattun nau'ikan, tunda an gudanar da binciken a cikin 2020.

DSLR kyamarori:

1.Nikon D3200
2. Canon EOS Rebel T5
3.Nikon D750
4.Nikon D3300
5.Canon EOS Rebel SL1
6.Canon EOS Rebel T5i
7.Canon EOS 7D MkII
8.Nikon D5500
9. Canon EOS 5D Mark III
10.Nikon D7200
11 Canon EOS 6D
12.Nikon D7000
13.Nikon D5300
14.Nikon D7100
15.Sony SLT-A58K
16.Nikon D3100
17.Canon EOS Rebel T3i
18.Sony A77II
19. Canon EOS Rebel T6s
20.Pentax K-3II

Kyamara mai nuni da harbi:

1. Canon PowerShot Elph 110 HS
2. Canon PowerShot S100
3. Canon PowerShot ELPH 300 HS
4.Sony Cybershot DSC-WX150
5. Canon Powershot SX260 HS
6.Panasonic Lumix ZS20
7. Canon Powershot Pro S3 IS Series
8. Canon PowerShot SX50
9. Panaonic DMC-ZS15
10.Nikon Coolpix L810
11. Canon PowerShot G15
12.SonyDSC-RX100
13.Fujifilm FinePix S4200
14. Canon PowerShot ELPH 310 HS
15. Canon Powershot A1300
16.Fujifilm X100
17. Nikon Coolpix AW100 Mai hana ruwa
18. Panasonic Lumix TS20 Mai hana ruwa

tarihin kyamarori

Kyamarar farko ta bayyana a cikin 1839, wanda Bafaranshe Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre ya kirkira, duk da haka, kawai ya zama sananne a cikin 1888 tare da fitowar alamar Kodak. Tun daga lokacin, daukar hoto ya zama fasaha da mutane da yawa ke yabawa. A bisa tushen asalin kalmar, daukar hoto na nufin rubutu da haske ko zane da haske.

A yau, saboda yaɗawar daukar hoto na dijital, haske ba shi da mahimmanci wajen ɗaukar hoton kamar yadda ya kasance lokacin da ake amfani da fim mai ɗaukar hoto. Kodayake haske yana da mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar hoton, kawai ta hanyar na'urori masu auna sigina. Duk da haka, ko da tare da duk fasahar da ake amfani da ita a yau da babban ƙuduri da madaidaicin kyamarori, kyamarori na analog suna ci gaba da karuwa.

Amma, a cikin juzu'ai masu ƙarfi da na musamman, tare da ayyukan analog da dijital, suna jan hankalin ƙwararrun masu daukar hoto da masu sha'awar ɗaukar hoto a duniya. Bugu da ƙari, duk ya fara ne da ƙirƙirar kyamarar obscura, inda aka kama hotuna, amma ba su yi tsayayya da haske da lokaci ba.

Bayan haka, a cikin shekara ta 1816, Bafaranshe Joseph Nicéphore Niépce ya fara yin rikodin hotuna ta hanyar kyamarar da ba a sani ba. Amma tun lokacin da aka gano shi babu wani juyin halitta da yawa a tarihin daukar hoto na analog. A haƙiƙa, sun shafe fiye da shekaru 100 suna amfani da ƙa'idodi da tsarin gani iri ɗaya wanda Niépce ya ƙirƙira.

A ƙarshe, yayin da shekaru suka shuɗe, kyamarorin sun ragu kuma sun zama abin ɗauka da sauƙin ɗauka. Da wannan, 'yan jaridu na duniya za su iya yin amfani da daukar hoto a babban sikeli, sabili da haka, buƙatun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun aikin jarida sun ƙaru sosai. A zamanin yau, mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar hoto a matsayin abin sha'awa, don haka sun fi son tsohuwar hanyar ɗaukar hotuna zuwa hotunan dijital na yau.

Kyamarar hoto

Ana ɗaukar kyamara azaman kayan tsinkayar gani. Manufarsa ita ce ɗaukar hoto da yin rikodin ainihin hoto akan fim ɗin da ke da hankali ga hasken da ke faɗo akansa. A takaice dai, kyamarar da ba ta dawwama ita ce ainihin kyamarar obscura mai rami a ciki. Maimakon ramin, duk da haka, shine ruwan tabarau mai haɗuwa wanda ke aiki ta hanyar haɗa hasken hasken da ke wucewa ta cikinsa zuwa wuri guda. Don haka a cikin kyamarar fim ɗin yana da haske, don haka lokacin da haske ya shiga cikin ruwan tabarau, ana yin rikodin hoto akan fim ɗin.

Har ila yau, sunan da aka ba wa ruwan tabarau da aka sanya a madadin ramin shine ainihin ruwan tabarau. Kuma ana shigar da wannan ruwan tabarau a cikin wani tsari wanda zai sa shi matso kusa ko nesa da fim din, yana barin abu mai kaifi akan fim din. Don haka, tsarin matsar da ruwan tabarau kusa ko nesa ana kiransa mayar da hankali.

Tsohon fasali

Don ɗaukar hoto, ana kunna jerin hanyoyi a cikin kamara. Wato lokacin harba na'urar, diaphragm na cikinta yana buɗewa na ɗan daƙiƙa kaɗan. Tare da wannan, yana ba da damar shigar da haske da kuma hankali na fim din. Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a san yadda za a mayar da hankali kan abu don hoton ya kasance mai kaifi sosai, in ba haka ba sakamakon zai zama hoto ba tare da mayar da hankali ba. Don sanin yadda za a mayar da hankali daidai, tuna cewa idan abu yana da nisa daga ruwan tabarau na haƙiƙa, dole ne ya kasance kusa da fim ɗin kuma akasin haka.

Yadda kyamarar obscura ke aiki

Kamara obscura akwati ne mai ƙaramin rami wanda hasken rana ke wucewa. Kuma yana aiki ta hanyar iyakance shigarwar haske ta yadda hoton ya kasance. Misali, ɗauki akwatin buɗaɗɗen, hasken zai shiga ya yi tunani a wurare daban-daban a cikin akwatin. Saboda haka, babu hoto da zai bayyana, kawai blur mara siffa. Amma idan kun rufe akwatin gaba daya kuma kawai ku yi ƙaramin rami a gefe ɗaya, hasken zai wuce ta cikin rami kawai.

Bugu da ƙari, za a yi la'akari da hasken haske a kasan akwatin, amma a cikin hanyar da ba ta dace ba, ta samar da hoton abin da ke gaban rami. Kuma wannan shine kyawawan yadda ruwan tabarau na kamara ke aiki.

Kamara mai duhu

Duk da haka, ƙa'idar kyamarar obscura ta tsufa sosai, wasu masana falsafa kamar Aristotle da Plato, waɗanda suka yi amfani da ƙa'idar lokacin ƙirƙirar tatsuniyar kogon. A ƙarni na goma sha huɗu da na sha biyar, masu zane-zane na lokacin irin su Leonardo da Vinci sun yi amfani da kyamarar obscura don yin fenti, ta yin amfani da hoton da aka zayyana a bayan kyamarar.

Saboda haka, ƙananan ramin da aka yi a cikin kyamarar obscura, mafi girman hoton zai kasance, tun da idan ramin yana da girma, hasken zai ƙara shiga. Wannan zai sa ma'anar hoton ya ɓace. Amma idan ramin ya yi kankanta, hoton zai iya zama duhu. Yin tunani game da shi, a cikin 1550, wani mai bincike daga Milan mai suna Girolamo Cardano ya yanke shawarar sanya ruwan tabarau a gaban rami, wanda ya warware matsalar. Tun a shekara ta 1568, Daniele Bárbaro ya ɓullo da wata hanya ta bambanta girman ramin, wanda ya haifar da diaphragm na farko. A ƙarshe, a cikin shekara ta 1573, Inácio Danti ya ƙara madubi mai maƙalli don juyar da hoton da aka zayyana, don kada ya zama kife.

yadda kyamara ke aiki

Kyamarar analog ɗin tana aiki ta hanyar sinadarai da hanyoyin injiniya, waɗanda suka haɗa da abubuwan da ke da alhakin fahimta, shigar da haske, da ɗaukar hoto. Ainihin, yadda ido ɗaya ke aiki. Domin idan ka bude idanunka, haske yana ratsa cikin cornea, iris da kuma yara. Daga nan sai a zura idanu akan idon ido, wanda ke da alhakin ɗauka da canza abin da ke cikin mahalli a gaban idanu zuwa hoto.

Kamar yadda yake a cikin kyamarar obscura, hoton da aka yi akan retina yana jujjuya shi, amma kwakwalwa yana kula da barin hoton a daidai matsayi. Kuma wannan yana faruwa a ainihin lokacin, kamar akan kyamara.

cikin dakin

Kyamara mai ɗaukar hoto ta taso ne daga ƙa'idar kamarar obscura. Domin tun da ba za a iya nada hoton ba, an zana shi ne kawai a kasan akwati, don haka babu hotuna. Tunanin hanyar yin rikodin wannan hoton, kyamarar hoto ta farko ta bayyana.

Lokacin da ɗan ƙasar Faransa mai ƙirƙira, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, ya rufe farantin kwano da farar bitumen daga Yahudiya, sai ya sanya wannan farantin a cikin kyamarar da ke rufe ta. Daga nan sai ya nuna tagar ya bar hoton a dauki tsawon awanni takwas. Sabili da haka an haifi fim ɗin hoto na farko. Bayan haka, a cikin 1839, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre ya gabatar da abu na farko da aka kirkira don daukar hoto, wanda ake kira daguerreotype, wanda aka fara sayar da shi a duniya.

Chamber: calotype

Duk da haka, William Henry Fox-Talbot ne ya haifar da tsari mara kyau da inganci a cikin daukar hoto, wanda ake kira calotyping. Shi ne abin da ya ba da izinin samar da hotuna a kan babban sikelin, kuma katunan farko sun bayyana. Bayan haka, an ci gaba da ci gaba, tare da kyamarori kamar yadda muka san su a yau, tare da ingantattun ruwan tabarau, fim, har ma da daukar hoto na dijital.

kayan aikin kyamara

Ainihin, kamara mai tsayayye shine kyamarar obscura, amma cikakke. Wato yana ƙunshe da hanyar sarrafa shigar haske (shutter), ɓangaren gani (lens mai ma'ana) da kuma kayan da za'a sake bugawa ko yin rikodin hoto (fim ɗin hoto ko firikwensin dijital). Bugu da kari, na’urar daukar hoto tana dauke da daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke jikin ta, wanda shi ne wurin da abin rufe fuska, flash, diaphragm da duk wasu hanyoyin da ke sanya ta aiki suke, kamar:

1. Manufar

An yi la'akari da ruhin kyamarar daukar hoto, tun da shi ne hasken ya ratsa ta cikin saitin ruwan tabarau, inda aka daidaita su a cikin tsari mai kyau zuwa fim din hoto, suna samar da hoton.

2- Shutter

Shi ne abin da ke ƙayyade tsawon lokacin da fim ɗin ko firikwensin dijital za su kasance cikin haske, yana buɗewa lokacin da aka danna maɓallin rufewa, yana ba da damar haske ya shiga cikin kyamara. Bugu da kari, shi ne saurin rufewa wanda zai tantance kaifin hoton, wanda zai iya bambanta daga 30 s zuwa 1/4000 s. Don haka idan an bar shi a bude na dogon lokaci, sakamakon zai zama hoto mara kyau.

3- Allon allo

Ta wurin mai duba ne za ka iya ganin wurin ko abin da kake son ɗauka. Ma'ana, rami ne da ke tsakanin lenses da aka sanya dabara da madubi wanda zai ba mai daukar hoto damar ganin ainihin wurin da zai dauka.

4- Diaphragm

Yana da alhakin adadin hasken da ke shiga kamara, yana nuna ƙarfin da fim ko firikwensin dijital zai sami haske. Wato, diaphragm yana ƙayyade ko kayan aiki zasu sami haske mai yawa ko kadan. A haƙiƙa, aikin diaphragm ɗin yana kama da na ɗalibin idon ɗan adam, wanda ke da alhakin sarrafa hasken da idanu ke kamawa.

Duk da haka, buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen kullun yana buɗewa, don haka ya rage ga mai daukar hoto don sanin matsayin budewar. Don haka dole ne a daidaita buɗaɗɗen buɗewa da rufewa tare don samun hoton da kuke so. Har ila yau, ana auna buɗaɗɗen ta hanyar ƙimar da aka ƙayyade ta harafin "f", don haka ƙananan ƙimar f, ƙarin buɗewa zai kasance.

5- Mai daukar hoto

Mechanism da ke da alhakin tantance yadda ya dace kafin danna maɗaukaki. Wato, mita tana fassara hasken yanayi bisa ga saitunan da mai daukar hoto ya ƙaddara. Hakanan ma'aunin sa yana bayyana akan ƙaramin mai mulki akan kyamarar, don haka lokacin da kibiya ta kasance a tsakiya, yana nufin cewa ɗaukar hoto daidai ne. Duk da haka, idan kibiya ta hagu, hoton zai yi duhu, zuwa dama, yana nufin akwai haske mai yawa wanda zai sa ya yi haske sosai.

6- Fim din hoto

Musamman ga kyamarar analog, ana amfani da fim na hoto don buga hotunan. Wato, girman girmansa shine 35mm, girman girman na'urar firikwensin dijital da ake amfani da shi a cikin kyamarar dijital. Bugu da ƙari, fim ɗin an yi shi ne da tushe na filastik, sassauƙa da bayyane, an rufe shi da ƙananan lu'ulu'u na azurfa, mai mahimmanci ga haske.

A takaice dai, lokacin da aka saki shutter, haske yana shiga cikin kyamara kuma ya shiga cikin fim din. Sa'an nan, lokacin da aka yi masa magani na sinadarai (emulsion), wuraren haske da lu'ulu'u na azurfa suka kama suna ƙonewa kuma hoton da aka kama ya bayyana.

Ana auna matakin haske na fim ta ISO. Kuma daga cikin waɗancan akwai ISO 32, 40, 64, 100, 125, 160, 200, 400, 800, 3200. Matsakaicin ma'aunin hankali shine ISO 400. Tuna cewa ƙananan lambar ISO, mafi mahimmancin fim ɗin.

A yau, har ma da duk fasahar da ake da ita, tare da ingantattun kyamarori masu inganci da daidaitattun kyamarorin dijital, masu sha'awar daukar hoto da yawa suna yaba kyamarori na analog. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ingancin hotunan da aka ɗauka, waɗanda ba sa buƙatar gyara kamar na dijital.

A cewar masu daukar hoto, amfani da fim yana da daraja saboda ƙarfin ƙarfinsa ya fi dijital. Kuma hotunan da aka ɗauka ba za a iya goge su ba kamar yadda suke faruwa tare da hotuna na dijital, suna samar da hotuna na musamman da waɗanda ba a buga ba. Duk da haka, wasu kamfanoni kamar Fuji da Kodak sun daina sayar da fina-finai na hoto.