Canon

Olu luphawu oluthandwa ngabantu abaninzi. ICanon yinkampani yaseJapan eyaziwayo kwihlabathi. Namhlanje, banazo iikhamera ezikhomba-kwaye-zokudubula kunye nee-DSLRs.

ICanon yenza iilensi ezininzi, kubandakanya nothotho lwe-3L, ezithathwa njengezona zilungileyo kwiifoto kwaye zityhalele imbangi yakwaSony kukhuphiswano.

Nikon

Uninzi lwabafoti abachwephesha basebenzisa i-Nikon, eyenza umgca we-top-notch wekhamera ekulula ukuyisebenzisa.

Olu phawu alunamdla wokwenza iikhamera zolutsha okanye imarike elahlayo. Ziyimveliso yomgangatho ogqwesileyo kunye nokuqina okulungileyo.

Sony

U-Sony wayeyenye yeenkampani zokuqala ukungena kwimakethi yekhamera yedijithali kwaye namhlanje ihlala iphambi kokhuphiswano kwicandelo.

Unomgca we-DSLR; nangona kunjalo, igxile kakhulu kwi-market-and-shoot market. Abaninzi bakugqala njengesigqibo esilumkileyo soshishino ukuxhoma abakwishumi elivisayo kwiimveliso zabo ukuze babe ngabathengi bexesha elizayo.

I-Pentax

Xa kuziwa kwixabiso, umgangatho kunye namava, akukho nkampani ekhuphisana nePentax. ICanon kunye neNikon ziya kubiza ngaphezulu kwekhamera yePentax, ke kufanelekile ukuba uzithelekise.

Olu phawu lwaziwa ngokwakha ikhamera ethembekileyo. Kwakhona kwaqatshelwa ukungasebenzisi amaqhinga okuthengisa anenkohliso.

Iyahambelana neenguqulelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zelensi, ikunika ithuba lokusebenzisa le osele unayo. Kwaye ikhamera yayo ye-Optio engenamanzi kunye ne-shoot-shoot ifanele ukukhankanywa.

olypus

Abathengi abaninzi bayayithanda into abayibonayo kwi-Olympus, ehlala ingahoywa kuba ayibonakali kangako.

Olu hlobo lunikeza inkangeleko eyenziwe kakuhle eneempawu ezininzi kunye nexabiso elifanelekileyo, iyenza ibe lukhetho olukhulu kuye nabani na okhangela ukhetho olufikelelekayo.

Samsung

I-Samsung ibonelela ngekhamera yedijithali efikelelekayo enesitayile kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa.

Njenge-Olympus, inezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zobugcisa kwixabiso elincinci lemali. Ikwanayo nenkqubo yokudlulisa ifoto eluncedo nekulula ukuyisebenzisa.

Panasonic

Ithembekile kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa, iikhamera zithatha iifoto ezintle kwaye imowudi ye-3D ifanele ukukhankanywa.

Abaninzi bayavuma ukuba olu phawu lunexabiso elihle lemali. Qiniseka ukuba uyayijonga xa usenza isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi eyona nto ilungileyo ukukuthengela.

Casio

Olu luphawu lwekhamera oluhlala lungaqatshelwa. Musa ukukhohliswa yisayizi encinci, kuba yenza umsebenzi olungileyo.

Ukujonga ezi 8 iibrendi yindlela entle yokuqalisa uphendlo lwakho lwekhamera yedijithali.

Ngaba uyazazi ezona khamera zibalaseleyo zedijithali?

Iikhamera zedijithali zizinto ezithandwayo ezithengwa ngabathengi. Ndiyabulela ukukhululeka kokusetyenziswa, akuyimfuneko ukuba ube nezakhono eziyimfuneko zokuthatha imifanekiso emihle.

Uphando olwenziweyo ukuvavanya uluvo lwabathengi lubonisa ukuba zeziphi iikhamera zedijithali ezifunwa kakhulu. Jonga zonke iinketho, ukhumbule ukuba kunokubakho iikhamera ezisuka kumgca ofanayo kunye neenguqulelo ezingcono, kuba uphando lwenziwa ngo-2020.

Iikhamera ze-DSLR:

1. INikon D3200
2. Canon EOS Rebel T5
3. INikon D750
4. INikon D3300
5.Canon EOS Rebel SL1
6.Canon EOS Rebel T5i
7.Canon EOS 7D MkII
8. INikon D5500
9. Canon EOS 5D Mark III
10. INikon D7200
11. ICanon EOS 6D
12. INikon D7000
13. INikon D5300
14. INikon D7100
15. I-Sony SLT-A58K
16. INikon D3100
17.Canon EOS Rebel T3i
18.Sony A77II
19.Canon EOS Rebel T6s
20. I-Pentax K-3II

Yalatha kwaye udubule iikhamera:

1. Canon PowerShot Elph 110 HS
2.Canon PowerShot S100
3. Canon PowerShot ELPH 300 HS
4.Sony Cybershot DSC-WX150
5. Canon Powershot SX260 HS
6.Panasonic Lumix ZS20
7. Canon Powershot Pro S3 IS Series
8.Canon PowerShot SX50
9. I-Panaonic DMC-ZS15
10.Nikon Coolpix L810
11.Canon PowerShot G15
12.SonyDSC-RX100
13.Fujifilm FinePix S4200
14. Canon PowerShot ELPH 310 HS
15.Canon Powershot A1300
16.Fujifilm X100
17. Nikon Coolpix AW100 Waterproof
18. Panasonic Lumix TS20 Waterproof

imbali yeekhamera

Ikhamera yokuqala yavela kwi-1839, eyenziwe ngumFrentshi uLouis Jacques Mandé Daguerre, nangona kunjalo, yathandwa kuphela kwi-1888 ngokuvela kwe-brand ye-Kodak. Ukususela ngoko, ukufota kuye kwaba bubugcisa obuxatyiswa ngabantu abaninzi. Ngokutsho kwe-etymology yegama, ukufotowa kuthetha ukubhala ngokukhanya okanye ukudweba ngokukhanya.

Namhlanje, ngenxa yokuthandwa kokufota kwedijithali, ukukhanya akubalulekanga ekubambeni umfanekiso njengoko kwakunjalo xa kusetyenziswa ifilimu ebonisa ifoto. Nangona ukukhanya kusabalulekile ukwenza umfanekiso, kuphela ngokusebenzisa izinzwa zedijithali. Nangona kunjalo, nangabo bonke itekhnoloji esetyenziswayo namhlanje kunye nesisombululo esiphezulu kunye nokuchaneka kusekho iikhamera, iikhamera ze-analog zisakhula.

Kodwa, kwiinguqulelo ezinesibindi kunye nezomntu ngakumbi, kunye nemisebenzi ye-analog kunye nedijithali, ukutsala ingqalelo yeengcali zokufota kunye nabanomdla kwihlabathi liphela. Ngaphezu koko, yonke le nto yaqala ngokudalwa kwekhamera obscura, apho kwathatyathwa imifanekiso, kodwa abazange bakuxhathise ukuchaswa kokukhanya nexesha.

Kwandula ke, ngowe-1816, indoda engumFrentshi uJoseph Nicéphore Niépce yaqalisa ukurekhoda imifanekiso ngekhamera efihlakeleyo. Kodwa okoko kufunyenweyo akukhange kubekho nguquko ingako kwimbali yokufota analog. Enyanisweni, bachitha iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 besebenzisa imigaqo efanayo kunye neefomathi ezenziwe nguNiépce.

Ekugqibeleni, njengoko iminyaka yayiqengqeleka, iikhamera zaphelelwa ngamandla zaza zathabatheka zaza zaphathwa lula. Ngale nto, ukufota kunokusetyenziswa kwinqanaba elikhulu ngamajelo eendaba ehlabathi, ngenxa yoko, iimfuno zeengcali zefotojournalism zanda ngakumbi nangakumbi. Kule mihla, abantu abaninzi banokufota njengento yokuzonwabisa, ngoko bakhetha indlela yakudala yokuthatha imifanekiso kwimifanekiso yanamhlanje yedijithali.

Ikhamera yokufota

Ikhamera ithathwa njengesixhobo sokubonisa ukukhanya. Injongo yayo kukubamba kunye nokurekhoda umfanekiso wokwenene kwifilimu evakalelwa ngokukhanya okuwela kuyo. Ngamafutshane, ikhamera emileyo ngokusisiseko yicamera obscura enomngxuma kuyo. Endaweni yomngxuma, nangona kunjalo, yilensi eguqukayo esebenza ngokuguqula imitha yokukhanya edlula kuyo iye kwindawo enye. Ngoko ke ngaphakathi kwikhamera kukho ifilimu engakuvayo ukukhanya, ngoko xa ukukhanya kungena kwilensi, kubhalwa umfanekiso kwifilimu.

Kwakhona, igama elinikwe i-lens efakwe endaweni yomngxuma yi-lens yenjongo. Kwaye le lens ifakwe kwindlela eyenza ukuba isondele okanye ihambe kude nefilimu, ishiya into ebukhali kwifilimu. Ke ngoko, inkqubo yokuhambisa ilensi kufutshane okanye kude ibizwa ngokuba kukugxila.

Inguqulelo yakudala

Ukufota umfanekiso, uthotho lweenkqubo zenziwa zisebenze ngaphakathi kwikhamera. Oko kukuthi, xa udubula umatshini, i-diaphragm engaphakathi kuwo ivula iqhezu lomzuzwana. Ngale nto, ivumela ukungena kokukhanya kunye novakalelo lwefilimu. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukwazi indlela yokugxila kwinto ukwenzela ukuba umfanekiso ubukhali kakhulu, ngaphandle koko umphumo uya kuba yifoto ngaphandle kokugxila. Ukuze ukwazi ukugxila ngokuchanekileyo, khumbula ukuba ukuba into ikude kwi-lens yenjongo, kufuneka ibe kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwifilimu kunye nokunye.

Indlela ikhamera obscura isebenza ngayo

Icamera obscura yibhokisi enomngxuma omncinane apho kudlula ukukhanya kwelanga. Kwaye isebenza ngokunciphisa ukungena kokukhanya ukuze umfanekiso wenziwe. Umzekelo, thatha ibhokisi evulekileyo, ukukhanya kuya kungena kwaye kubonise kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwebhokisi. Ngenxa yoko, akukho mfanekiso uza kuvela, kufiphale nje okungenamilo. Kodwa ukuba uvala ibhokisi ngokupheleleyo kwaye wenze nje umngxuma omncinci kwelinye icala, ukukhanya kuya kudlula kuphela emngxunyeni.

Ukongeza, ukukhanya okukhanyayo kuya kuboniswa phantsi kwebhokisi, kodwa ngendlela ephosakeleyo, ukwenza umfanekiso ocacileyo wento ephambi komngxuma. Kwaye yiloo ndlela entle kakhulu indlela i-lens yekhamera esebenza ngayo.

Ikhamera emnyama

Nangona kunjalo, umgaqo wecamera obscura umdala kakhulu, ucatshulwa zezinye iifilosofi ezifana no-Aristotle noPlato, abasebenzisa umgaqo xa bedala iNtsomi yoMqolomba. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesine neyeshumi elinesihlanu, abapeyinti bexesha abafana noLeonardo da Vinci basebenzisa i-obscura yekhamera ukupeyinta, besebenzisa umfanekiso oqikelelweyo kwimvelaphi yekhamera.

Ngoko ke, umncinci umngxuma owenziwe kwikhamera obscura, umfanekiso uya kuba bukhali, ekubeni ukuba umngxuma mkhulu, ukukhanya kuya kungena ngakumbi. Oku kuya kubangela ukuba inkcazo yomfanekiso ilahleke. Kodwa ukuba umngxuma wawumncinane kakhulu, umfanekiso unokuba mnyama. Ukucinga ngako, ngo-1550, umphandi waseMilan ogama linguGirolamo Cardano wagqiba ekubeni abeke i-lens phambi komngxuma, eyayisombulula ingxaki. Kwangoko ngo-1568, uDaniele Bárbaro wavelisa indlela yokutshintsha ubungakanani bomngxuma, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwidiaphragm yokuqala. Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1573, u-Inácio Danti wongeza isibuko se-concave ukuguqula umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, ukuze ungabi phezulu.

ikhamera isebenza njani

Ikhamera ye-analog isebenza ngeekhemikhali kunye neenkqubo zoomatshini, ezibandakanya amacandelo anoxanduva lokubona, igalelo lokukhanya, kunye nokubamba umfanekiso. Ngokusisiseko, yindlela efanayo iliso lomntu elisebenza ngayo. Ngenxa yokuba xa uvula amehlo akho, ukukhanya kudlula kwi-cornea, iris kunye nabafundi. Amanqaku aye aqikelelwa kwi-retina, enoxanduva lokubamba nokuguqula into ekwimekobume ephambi kwamehlo ibe ngumfanekiso.

Njengakwikhamera obscura, umfanekiso owenziwe kwiretina uyajikwa, kodwa ingqondo inyamekela ukushiya umfanekiso kwindawo efanelekileyo. Kwaye oku kwenzeka ngexesha lokwenyani, njengakwikhamera.

ngaphakathi kwigumbi

Ikhamera yeefoto yavela kumgaqo wekhamera obscura. Ngenxa yokuba, ekubeni umfanekiso wawungenakurekhodwa, wawuboniswa kuphela ngaphantsi kwebhokisi, ngoko kwakungekho zithombe. Ukucinga ngendlela yokurekhoda lo mfanekiso, ikhamera yokuqala yezithombe ibonakala.

Xa umenzi ongumFrentshi, uJoseph Nicéphore Niépce, wagquma ipleyiti yenkcenkce ngebhitumene emhlophe evela kwelakwaYuda, emva koko wafaka le pleyiti ngaphakathi kwecamera obscura waza wayivala. Emva koko wakhomba ifestile kwaye wavumela umfanekiso ukuba uthathwe iiyure ezisibhozo. Kwaye ke ifilimu yokuqala yeefoto yazalwa. Kwandula ke, ngowe-1839, uLouis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre wavelisa into yokuqala eyayenzelwe ukufota, ebizwa ngokuba yidaguerreotype, eyaqalisa ukuthengiswa ehlabathini lonke.

Igumbi: Calotype

Nangona kunjalo, nguWilliam Henry Fox-Talbot owadala inkqubo ye-negative kunye ne-positive kwifoto, ebizwa ngokuba yi-calotyping. Yayiyinto evunyelwe ukuvelisa imifanekiso kwizinga elikhulu, kwaye iipostikhadi zokuqala zavela. Emva koko, ukuqhubela phambili kwaqhubeka, kunye neekhamera njengoko sizazi namhlanje, ngeelensi eziphuculweyo, ifilimu, kunye nokufota kwedijithali.

amacandelo ekhamera

Ngokusisiseko, ikhamera emileyo yicamera obscura, kodwa igqibelele. Oko kukuthi, iqulethe indlela yokulawula igalelo lokukhanya (i-shutter), inxalenye ye-optical (i-lens yenjongo) kunye nezinto apho umfanekiso uya kuveliswa okanye urekhodwe (ifilimu yezithombe okanye inzwa yedijithali). Ukongeza, ikhamera yeefoto iqulethe phakathi kwamacandelo ayo aphambili, kulapho i-shutter, i-flash, i-diaphragm kunye nazo zonke ezinye iindlela ezenza ukuba zisebenze, ezinje:

1. Injongo

Kuthathwa njengomphefumlo wekhamera yeefoto, kuba ukukhanya kudlula kwiseti yeelensi, apho zijongwe ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo ngokubhekiselele kwifilimu yezithombe, ukwenza umfanekiso.

2- Shutter

Yiyo into emisela ukuba ifilimu okanye i-sensor yedijithali iya kuboniswa ixesha elingakanani ekukhanyeni, ivula xa iqhosha le-shutter licinezelekile, livumela ukukhanya ukuba kungene kwikhamera. Ukongeza, sisantya se-shutter esiya kugqiba ubukhali besithombe, esinokuhluka ukusuka kwi-30 ukuya kwi-1/4000 s. Ke ukuba ishiywe ivulekile ixesha elide, isiphumo siya kuba ngumfanekiso ongekho mfiliba.

3- Isikrini

Kungesikhangeli apho unokubona indawo okanye into ofuna ukuyifota. Ngamanye amazwi, ngumngxuma ophakathi kweelensi ezibekwe ngobuchule kunye nezipili eziza kuvumela umfoti ukuba abone ngqo indawo aza kuyithatha.

4- Diaphragm

Inoxanduva lobungakanani bokukhanya okungena kwikhamera, ebonisa ukuqina apho ifilimu okanye inzwa yedijithali iya kufumana ukukhanya. Oko kukuthi, i-diaphragm imisela ukuba isixhobo siya kufumana ukukhanya okukhulu okanye okuncinane kakhulu. Enyanisweni, ukusebenza kwe-diaphragm kufana nqwa nesuntswana leliso lomntu, elinoxanduva lokulawula ukukhanya okubanjwa ngamehlo.

Nangona kunjalo, indawo yokuvula isoloko ivuliwe, ngoko kuxhomekeke kumfaki-zithombe ukugqiba indawo yokuvula. Ke i-aperture kunye ne-shutter kufuneka ilungelelaniswe kunye ukuze ufumane umfanekiso owufunayo. Kwakhona, i-aperture ilinganiswa ngexabiso eligqitywe ngunobumba "f", ngoko ke ixabiso eliphantsi lika-f, liya kuvuleka ngakumbi.

5- Ifotomitha

Inkqubo enoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba sesichengeni okufanelekileyo phambi kokucofa isivalo. Oko kukuthi, imitha itolika ukukhanya kwe-ambient ngokwezicwangciso ezigqitywe ngumfoti. Kwakhona, umlinganiselo wayo ubonakala kwirula encinane kwikhamera, ngoko xa utolo luphakathi, oko kuthetha ukuba ukuvezwa kulungele ifoto. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba utolo lusekhohlo, ifoto iya kuba mnyama, ukuya ekunene, oko kuthetha ukuba kukho ukukhanya okuninzi okuya kuyenza ikhanye kakhulu.

6- Ifilimu yeefoto

Eyodwa kwikhamera ye-analog, ifilimu yezithombe isetyenziselwa ukuprinta iifoto. Oko kukuthi, ubukhulu bayo obuqhelekileyo yi-35mm, ubungakanani obufanayo benzwa yedijithali esetyenziswa kwiikhamera zedijithali. Ukongezelela, ifilimu yenziwe ngesiseko seplastiki, eguquguqukayo kwaye ecacileyo, egutyungelwe ngumgca omncinci weekristali zesilivere, ezibukhali kakhulu ekukhanyeni.

Ngamafutshane, xa i-shutter ikhutshwa, ukukhanya kungena kwikhamera kwaye kungene kwifilimu. Emva koko, xa iphantsi konyango lwekhemikhali (emulsion), iindawo zokukhanya ezithathwe kwiikristale zesilivere ziyatsha kwaye umfanekiso obanjwe.

Inqanaba lobuthathaka bokukhanya kwefilim lilinganiswa nge-ISO. Kwaye phakathi kwezo zikhoyo kukho i-ISO 32, 40, 64, 100, 125, 160, 200, 400, 800, 3200. Umlinganiselo wobuntununtunu ophakathi yi-ISO 400. Ukhumbula ukuba okukhona isezantsi inani le-ISO, kokukhona ifilim ibuthathaka.

Namhlanje, nangabo bonke ubuchwephesha obukhoyo, obukumgangatho ophezulu kunye neekhamera ezichanekileyo zedijithali, iikhamera ze-analog ziyaxatyiswa ngabaninzi abathanda ukufota. Oku kungenxa yomgangatho wemifanekiso ethathiweyo, engadingi kuhlelwa njengedijithali.

Ngokutsho kwabafoti, ukusetyenziswa kwefilimu kuxabiswa ngenxa yokuba uluhlu lwayo oluguquguqukayo luphezulu kunedijithali. Kwaye imifanekiso ethathiweyo ayinakucinywa njengoko isenzeka ngeefoto zedijithali, ivelisa imifanekiso eyodwa nengapapashwanga. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iinkampani ezifana neFuji kunye neKodak azisathengisi ifilimu yeefoto.