Ngubani owasungula i-Intanethi?

Sikwiminyaka yama-50 eUnited States. Lixesha leMfazwe yoMlomo, ungquzulwano lwemibono kunye nenzululwazi phakathi kwebloc emelwe ngabantu baseMelika kunye naleyo ikhokelwa yiSoviet Union. Ukuqhubela phambili ngokuchasene notshaba kwaba luloyiso olukhulu, njengogqatso lwasemajukujukwini. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uMongameli u-Eisenhower udale i-Arhente yeeProjekthi zoPhando oluPhezulu (ARPA) kwi-1958. Kwiminyaka kamva, wafumana i-D, yoKhuselo, kwaye waba yi-DARPA. Le arhente isebenzisana nezifundiswa kunye nabezoshishino ukuphuhlisa itekhnoloji kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, hayi emkhosini kuphela.

Omnye woovulindlela benxalenye yekhompyuter ye-ARPA yayinguJCR Licklider, ovela kwiMassachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, kwaye waqeshwa emva kokuxela malunga nenethiwekhi yegalaksi yeekhompyuter apho nayiphi na idatha inokufumaneka. Watyala imbewu yako konke oku kwi-arhente.

Olunye ukuqhubela phambili okukhulu yayikukudalwa kwenkqubo yokutshintsha ipakethi, indlela yokutshintshiselana ngedatha phakathi koomatshini. Iiyunithi zolwazi, okanye iipakethi, zithunyelwa nganye nganye ngenethiwekhi. Inkqubo yayikhawuleza kunamajelo asekelwe kwiisekethe kwaye ixhasa iindawo ezahlukeneyo, kungekhona nje ukukhomba. Olu phononongo luqhutywe ngamaqela ahambelanayo, afana noPaul Baran we-RAND Institute, uDonald Davies kunye noRoger Scantlebury we-UK National Physical Laboratory, kunye noLawrence Roberts we-ARPA.

Kukwakhona uphononongo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenodi, iindawo zokuhlangana zolwazi. Ziyibhulorho phakathi koomatshini abanxibelelana kunye kwaye baphinde basebenze njengendawo yokulawula, ukwenzela ukuba ulwazi alulahleki ngexesha lokuhamba kwaye ukuhanjiswa konke kufuneka kuqaliswe kwakhona. Zonke iidibansi zenziwa kwisiseko sentambo, kwaye iziseko zomkhosi kunye namaziko ophando ayengawokuqala kuba ayesele enalo sakhiwo.

I-ARPANET iyazalwa

NgoFebruwari 1966, kwaqala intetho ngothungelwano lwe-ARPA, okanye i-ARPANET. Inyathelo elilandelayo yayikukuphuhlisa ii-IMPs, ujongano lokusetyenzwa komyalezo. Zizo ndawo ziphakathi, ezinokuthi zidibanise amanqaku othungelwano. Ungababiza ngokuba ngoomakhulu nootatomkhulu bee-routers. Kodwa yonke into yayintsha kangangokuba uxhulumaniso lokuqala kwinethiwekhi aluzange lusekwe kude kube ngo-Oktobha 29, 1969. Kwenzeka phakathi kwe-UCLA, iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles, kunye neStanford Research Institute, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-650.

Umyalezo wokuqala otshintshiweyo uya kuba ngumyalezo wokungena kwaye uhambe kakuhle. Iileta ezimbini zokuqala zachongwa kwelinye icala, kodwa emva koko inkqubo yaphuma ngaphandle kweintanethi. Kulungile: lo ngumhla wodibaniso lokuqala kunye nongquzulwano lokuqala. Kwaye igama lokuqala elagqithiswayo yaba ... "it".

Inethiwekhi yokuqala ye-ARPANET ye-nodes yayilungile ekupheleni kwaloo nyaka kwaye yayisele isebenza kakuhle, idibanisa amanqaku amabini akhankanywe ngasentla, iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eSanta Barbara kunye neYunivesithi yase-Utah School of Informatics, ekude kancinane, eTyuwa. Lake City. I-ARPANET ngumanduleli omkhulu wento esiyibiza ngokuba yi-Intanethi.

Kwaye nangona umqondiso wokuqala wawusemkhosini, impembelelo yokuphuhlisa yonke le teknoloji yayiyimfundo. Kukho intsomi yokuba i-ARPANET yayiyindlela yokugcina idatha kwimeko yokuhlaselwa kwenyukliya, kodwa owona mnqweno mkhulu yayikukuba izazinzulu zinxibelelane kwaye zinciphise imigama.

Yandisa kwaye uguquke

Kwi-71, sele kukho amanqaku angama-15 kwinethiwekhi, inxalenye yayo enokwenzeka ngenxa yokuphuhliswa kwe-PNC. I-Network Control Protocol yayiyiprotocol yokuqala yomncedisi we ARPANET kwaye ichaze yonke inkqubo yoqhagamshelwano phakathi kwamanqaku amabini. Yayiyinto evumela ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi, njengokwabelana ngefayile kunye nokusetyenziswa okude koomatshini abakude.

Ngo-Oktobha 72, umboniso wokuqala woluntu we-ARPANET wenziwa nguRobert Kahn kwisiganeko sekhompyutheni. Ngaloo nyaka i-imeyile yaqanjwa, indlela elula yokutshintshiselana ngemiyalezo esele siyixoxile kwitshaneli. Ngelo xesha, kwakusele kukho amanqaku angama-29 adibeneyo.

Ngaloo nyaka sibona ikhonkco lokuqala le-transatlantic, phakathi kwe-ARPANET kunye ne-Norwegian NORSAR inkqubo, nge-satellite. Kungekudala emva koko, unxibelelwano lwaseLondon lwafika. Yiyo loo nto ingcamango yokuba ihlabathi lifuna inethiwekhi yoyilo oluvulekileyo. Iyenza yonke ingqiqo emhlabeni, kuba kungenjalo besiya kuba neeklabhu ezincinci ezimbalwa eziqhagamshelweyo, kodwa hayi enye kwenye kwaye nganye ineendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neeprothokholi. Kuya kuba ngumsebenzi omninzi ukuyidibanisa yonke.

Kodwa bekukho ingxaki: iprotocol ye-NCP yayinganelanga kolu tshintshiselwano oluvulekileyo lweepakethi phakathi kweenethiwekhi ezahlukeneyo. Kulapho uVint Cerf kunye noRobert Kahn baqala ukusebenza kwindawo entsha.

Enye iprojekthi esecaleni yi-Ethernet, ephuhliswe kwi-Xerox Parc yasentsomini ngo-73. Ngoku iyenye yeemaleko zekhonkco zedatha, kwaye yaqala njengeseti yeenkcazo zeentambo zombane kunye nemiqondiso yoqhagamshelwano lwasekhaya. Unjineli uBob Metcalfe washiya i-Xerox ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi ukuze enze i-consortium kwaye aqinisekise iinkampani ukuba zisebenzise umgangatho. Kaloku, uye waphumelela.

Ngo-1975, i-ARPANET ithathwa njengesebenzayo kwaye sele inoomatshini abangama-57. Kungaloo nyaka xa i-arhente yezokhuselo yase-US ithatha ulawulo lweprojekthi. Qaphela ukuba le nethiwekhi ayinayo ukucinga kwezorhwebo, kuphela emkhosini kunye nesayensi. Iincoko zobuqu azikhuthazwa, kodwa nazo azivumelekanga.

Utshintsho lwe-TCP/IP

Emva koko i-TCP / IP, okanye i-Protocol Control Protocol bar ye-Intanethi, yazalwa. Yayiyi kwaye isengumgangatho wonxibelelwano wezixhobo, iseti yeeleya eziseka olu xhulumaniso ngaphandle kokuphinda kwakhiwe zonke iinethiwekhi ezenziweyo kude kube ngoko.

IP ngumaleko wedilesi yenyani yabathumeli bepakethe nabamkeli. Ndiyazi ukuba konke oku kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa isihloko sethu apha sahlukile.

NgoJanuwari 1, 1983, i-ARPANET itshintsha ngokusemthethweni i-protocol ukusuka kwi-NCP ukuya kwi-TCP / IP kwenye inqanaba le-Intanethi. Kwaye abo banoxanduva uRobert Kahn kunye noVint Cerf babeka amagama abo kwimbali yeteknoloji ngonaphakade. Kunyaka olandelayo, inethiwekhi yahlukana kubini. Inxalenye yonxibelelwano kunye notshintshiselwano lweefayile zomkhosi, i-MILNET, kunye necandelo loluntu kunye nesayensi esabizwa ngokuba yi-ARPANET, kodwa ngaphandle kwezinye iindawo zokuqala. Kwakucacile ukuba wayengayi kuphila yedwa.

zidibanise zonke

Ngo-1985, i-Intanethi yayisele isekwe ngakumbi njengetekhnoloji yonxibelelwano phakathi kwabaphandi kunye nabaphuhlisi, kodwa igama alizange lisetyenziswe de kube sekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi, xa uthungelwano lwaqala ukwenza isakhiwo esinye. Kancinci kancinci, yayiza kuphuma kwiiyunivesithi kwaye iqale ukwamkelwa lilizwe leshishini kwaye, ekugqibeleni, luluntu oludlayo.

Ke sibona ukuqhuma kwamanethiwekhi amancinci asele enoluntu oluncinci olugxile kwinto ethile. Le yimeko ye-CSNet, edibanisa amaqela ophando lwesayensi yekhompyuter kwaye yayiyenye yeendlela zokuqala zesayensi. Okanye i-Usenet, eyayisandulela kwiiforam zengxoxo okanye amaqela eendaba kwaye yadalwa ngo-1979.

Kwaye i-Bitnet, eyakhiwe kwi-81 ye-imeyile kunye nokudluliselwa kwefayile, kwaye idibanise ngaphezu kweeyunivesithi ze-2500 emhlabeni jikelele. Enye edumileyo yi-NSFNET, evela kwisiseko senzululwazi saseMelika esasiphethe i-CSNet, ukuququzelela ukufikelela kwabaphandi kwii-supercomputers kunye nogcino-lwazi. Wayengomnye wabaxhasi abakhulu bomgangatho ocetywayo yi-ARPANET kwaye wanceda ekusasazeni ukufakwa kweeseva. Oku kuphelela ekusekweni komqolo weNSFNET, owawungama-56 kbps.

Kwaye, kunjalo, sithetha ngakumbi malunga ne-United States, kodwa amazwe aliqela agcina uthungelwano olufanayo lwangaphakathi kwaye lwandiswa ukuya kwi-TCP/IP kwaye emva koko yaya kumgangatho weWWW ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kukho i-MINITEL yaseFransi, umzekelo, eyayisemoyeni kude kube yi-2012.

Iminyaka yoo-80 inceda ukwandisa i-Intanethi esentsha nokomeleza amaziko oqhagamshelwano phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala, ngakumbi ukuphuculwa kwee-gateways kunye neerotha ezizayo. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala seshumi leminyaka, ikhompyuter yomntu yazalwa ngokuqinisekileyo kunye ne-IBM PC kunye neMacintosh. Kwaye ezinye iiprothokholi zaqala ukwamkelwa kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.

Abantu abaninzi basebenzise iProtokholi yokuGqithiselwa kweFayile, iFTP endala entle, ukwenza uguqulelo olusisiseko lokukhuphela. I-teknoloji ye-DNS, eyindlela yokuguqulela i-domain kwidilesi ye-IP, nayo yabonakala kwi-80 kwaye yamkelwa ngokuthe ngcembe.

Phakathi kwe-87 kunye ne-91, i-Intanethi ikhutshwe ukusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo e-United States, ithatha indawo ye-ARPANET kunye ne-NSFNET backbones, kunye nababoneleli babucala kunye neendawo ezintsha zokufikelela kwinethiwekhi ngaphandle kweeyunivesithi kunye nemikhosi yemikhosi. Kodwa bambalwa abanomdla kwaye bambalwa ababona okunokwenzeka. Kukho into engekhoyo ukwenza ukukhangela kube lula kwaye kudume ngakumbi.

Inguquko yeWWW

Inqaku elilandelayo kuhambo lwethu yiCERN, ilabhoratri yophando lwenyukliya yaseYurophu. Ngowe-1989, uTimothy Berners-Lee, okanye uTim, wayefuna ukuphucula ukutshintshiselana kwamaxwebhu phakathi kwabasebenzisi kunye nonjiniyela uRobert Cailliau. Khawucinge ngenkqubo yokufumana ulwazi malunga noqhagamshelwano phakathi kwazo zonke iikhomputha ezixhunyiwe kunye nokutshintshiselana ngeefayile ngokulula ngakumbi.

Isicombululo yaba kukusebenzisa ubugcisa obukhoyo kodwa obungenamsebenzi obubizwa ngokuba yi<em>hypertext. Kunjalo, loo magama acofayo aqhagamshelweyo okanye imifanekiso ikusa kwenye indawo kwi-intanethi xa uyifuna. Umphathi kaTim wayengenamdla kakhulu kule ngcamango kwaye wayifumanisa ingacacanga, ngoko ke le projekthi kwafuneka ivuthwe.

Kuthekani ukuba iindaba bezimnandi? Ngo-1990, bekukho "kuphela" ezi nkqubela zithathu: ii-URL, okanye iidilesi ezizodwa zokuchonga imvelaphi yamaphepha ewebhu. I-HTTP, okanye i-hypertext transfer protocol, eyona ndlela isisiseko yonxibelelwano, kunye ne-HTML, eyona ifomathi ekhethiweyo yokucwangcisa umxholo. Ngaloo ndlela kwazalwa iWebhu yeHlabathi eBanzi, okanye i-WWW, igama elenziwe nguye kwaye saguqulela njengeWebhu yehlabathi jikelele.

U-Tim wayenombono wesithuba esinamagunya, ngoko ke akukho mvume iya kufunwa ukuposa, kungasathethwa ke nge-node esembindini enokuthi ibeke esichengeni yonke into ukuba iye yehla. Kwakhona wayesele ekholelwa ukungathathi hlangothi komnatha, apho uhlawula khona inkonzo ngaphandle kokucalulwa komgangatho. Iwebhu iya kuqhubeka ukuba yendalo yonke kunye neekhowudi ezinobuhlobo ukuze ingabi sezandleni zabambalwa kuphela. Siyazi ukuba ekusebenzeni i-Intanethi ayilunganga kangako, kodwa xa kuthelekiswa nangaphambili, yonke into idemokhrasi kakhulu kwaye okusingqongileyo kunikeze ilizwi kubantu abaninzi.

Kwiphakheji, uTim wenza umhleli wokuqala kunye nesikhangeli, iWorldWideWeb kunye. Washiya i-CERN ngo-94 ukuze afumane i-World Wide Web Foundation kunye nokunceda ukuphuhlisa nokusasaza imigangatho ye-Intanethi evulekileyo. Namhlanje useyinkosi. Kwaye impumelelo yakhe yokugqibela enkulu kwibhubhoratri yayikukusasaza iiprotocol zeHTTP kunye newebhu kunye nekhowudi ekhutshiweyo enikezela ngokuhlawulwa kwamalungelo. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ukusasazeka kobu bugcisa.

Kunyaka ongaphambi koko kwadalwa uMosaic, isikhangeli sokuqala esinolwazi lwegraphic, hayi nje umbhalo. Yaba yi-Netscape Navigator kwaye yonke enye yimbali. Uninzi lwezinto esizisebenzisayo namhlanje ziqale kule minyaka ilishumi: iinjini zokukhangela, ukutya kweRSS, iFlash ethandwayo nethiyiweyo, njl. Ukukunika umbono, i-IRC yenziwe ngo-'88, i-ICQ yaphuma ngo-'96 kunye ne-Napster ngo-'99. Uninzi lwezi teknoloji zineembali ezahlukeneyo ezizayo.

Kwaye jonga indlela esivele ngayo. Ukusuka kunxibelelwano lweentambo phakathi kweeyunivesithi, kubekho utshintsho kuthungelwano olubanzi olusebenzisa ulwimi olunye lonxibelelwano. Emva koko kwavela indawo yehlabathi kunye nemigangatho yokutshintshana umxholo, kunye noqhagamshelo lomnxeba kwinethiwekhi. Abantu abaninzi baqale ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi apho, ngaloo ngxolo yakudala eyenzelwe ukuvavanya umgca, ibonise isantya esinokwenzeka se-Intanethi kwaye ekugqibeleni imisele isiginali yothumelo.

Olu qhagamshelo luye lwakhawuleza lwaba yibroadband. Namhlanje asinakukwazi ukucinga ubomi bethu ngaphandle kokuhanjiswa kwemiqondiso engenazingcingo, eyiWiFi, kunye nedatha yeselula ngaphandle kwesidingo sokufikelela kwindawo, eyi-3G, 4G, njl. Side sibe nengxaki ngenxa yokuxinana kwetrafikhi: umgangatho we-IPV4 uxinaniswe ziidilesi kwaye ukufudukela kwi-IPV6 kuyacotha, kodwa kuya kuza.