umlando wefoni ephathekayo

Selokhu yadalwa ngo-1973 nguMartin Cooper, iselula iguquke ngokugxumagxuma. Eminyakeni yokuqala, amakhithi ayesinda futhi emakhulu, futhi ayebiza imali encane. Namuhla, cishe noma ubani angaba umnikazi wedivayisi ebiza kancane enesisindo esingaphansi kwephawundi elingu-0,5 futhi incane kunesandla sakho.

1980s: iminyaka yokuqala

Abakhiqizi abaningana bahlola phakathi kuka-1947 no-1973, kodwa inkampani yokuqala ukukhombisa idivayisi esebenzayo kwakuyi-Motorola. Igama ledivayisi bekuyi-DynaTAC futhi ibingadayiselwa umphakathi (bekuwumfanekiso nje). Imodeli yokuqala eyakhishwa ngokwentengiso e-United States (amanye amazwe ayesewatholile kakade amafoni kwezinye izinhlobo) kwakuyi-Motorola DynaTAC 8000x, okungukuthi, eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kokuhlolwa kokuqala.

Owayeyisisebenzi seMotorola uMartin Cooper wethula umakhalekhukhwini wokuqala emhlabeni, iMotorola DynaTAC, ngo-April 3, 1974 (cishe unyaka ngemva kokudalwa kwayo).

Emi eduze neNew York Hilton Hotel, wamisa isiteshi esingaphansi komgwaqo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwasebenza, kodwa kwathatha iminyaka eyishumi ukuthi umakhalekhukhwini ugcine usubonakala emphakathini.

Ngo-1984, i-Motorola yakhulula i-Motorola DynaTAC emphakathini. Iqukethe iphedi yezinombolo eyisisekelo, isibonisi somugqa owodwa, nebhethri elinomsindo elinehora kuphela lesikhathi sokukhuluma namahora angu-8 esikhathi sokulinda. Noma kunjalo, kwakuyinguquko ngaleso sikhathi, yingakho kuphela abacebile ababekwazi ukuthenga eyodwa noma ukukhokhela isevisi yezwi, eyayibiza kancane.

I-DynaTAC 8000X ilinganise amasentimitha angu-33 ubude, amasentimitha angu-4,5 ububanzi, namasentimitha angu-8,9 ukujiya. Yayinesisindo esingamagremu angu-794 futhi yayikwazi ngekhanda izinombolo ezifinyelela ku-30. Isikrini se-LED nebhethri elikhulu ngokuqhathaniswa ligcine ukwakheka kwaso "okunebhokisi". Isebenze kunethiwekhi ye-analog, okungukuthi, i-NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), futhi ukwenziwa kwayo akuzange kuphazamiseke kuze kube ngu-1994.

1989: ugqozi lwamaflip amafoni

Eminyakeni eyisithupha ngemuva kokuvela kwe-DynaTAC, i-Motorola yahamba igxathu elingaphezulu, yethula okwaba ugqozi lwefoni yokuqala eyi-flip. Ibizwa nge-MicroTAC, le divayisi ye-analog yethule iphrojekthi yoguquko: idivayisi yokuthwebula izwi egoqwe phezu kwekhibhodi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ilinganise ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-23 lapho yembulwa futhi inesisindo esingaphansi kwamakhilogremu angu-0,5, okuyenza ibe umakhalekhukhwini olula kunawo wonke owake wakhiqizwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi.
1990s: ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kweqiniso

Kwakuphakathi nawo-'90s lapho uhlobo lobuchwepheshe bamaselula obubona nsuku zonke lwaqala ukwakheka. Amaphrosesa okuqala we-high-tech, amasignali edijithali (i-iDEN, CDMA, GSM networks) avele phakathi nalesi sikhathi esinzima.

1993: i-smartphone yokuqala

Ngenkathi omakhalekhukhwini bomuntu bebekhona kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970, ukwakhiwa kwe-smartphone kwajabulisa abathengi baseMelika ngendlela entsha.

Phela, amashumi amathathu eminyaka phakathi kweselula yokuqala kanye ne-smartphone yokuqala yabona ukufika kwe-intanethi yesimanje. Futhi lokho okusunguliwe kwavusa isiqalo somkhuba wezokuxhumana wedijithali esiwubona namuhla.

Ngo-1993, i-IBM kanye ne-BellSouth bajoyina amandla ukwethula i-IBM Simon Personal Communicator, umakhalekhukhwini wokuqala ohlanganisa ukusebenza kwe-PDA (Personal Digital Assistant). Ayikwazanga kuphela ukuthumela nokwamukela izingcingo zezwi, kodwa futhi isebenze njengencwadi yamakheli, isibali, ipheyija, nomshini wefeksi. Ukwengeza, inikeze isikrini esithintwayo okokuqala ngqa, esivumela amakhasimende ukuthi asebenzise iminwe yawo noma ipeni ukushaya izingcingo nokudala amanothi.

Lezi zici bezihlukile futhi zithuthuke ngokwanele ukuthi zingayibheka njengefanele isihloko esithi “I-smartphone Yokuqala Emhlabeni”.

1996: ifoni yokuqala yokuphequlula

Ingxenye yeshumi leminyaka ngemuva kokukhishwa kweMicroTAC, iMotorola ikhiphe isibuyekezo esaziwa nge-StarTAC. Igqugquzelwe umanduleli wayo, i-StarTAC ibe ifoni yokuqala eyi-flip yangempela. Isebenza kumanethiwekhi e-GSM e-United States futhi ihlanganisa ukusekelwa kwemilayezo yombhalo ye-SMS, yengeza izici zedijithali ezifana nencwadi yokuxhumana, futhi yayingowokuqala ukusekela ibhethri ye-lithium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idivayisi inesisindo esingamagremu angu-100 kuphela.

1998: ifoni yokuqala ye-candybar

INokia yaqhuma endaweni yesigameko ngo-1998 ngocingo lokuklama i-candybar, i-Nokia 6160. Inesisindo esingamagremu angu-160, lolu cingo lwalunombukiso we-monochrome, uthi lwangaphandle, kanye nebhethri elishajekayo elinesikhathi sokukhuluma esingamahora angu-3,3. Ngenxa yentengo nokusebenziseka kalula kwayo, iNokia 6160 ibe yidivayisi edayise kakhulu yakwaNokia ngeminyaka yawo-90.

1999: Isandulela se-smartphone yeBlackBerry

Umakhalekhukhwini wokuqala we-BlackBerry wavela ngasekupheleni kwawo-90 njengepheyija yezindlela ezimbili. Ifake ikhibhodi ephelele ye-QWERTY futhi ingase isetshenziselwe ukuthumela nokwamukela imilayezo yombhalo, ama-imeyili, namakhasi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeze isibonisi esinemigqa engu-8, ikhalenda, kanye nomhleli. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwentshisekelo kumadivayisi eselula e-imeyili ngaleso sikhathi, lolu cingo lwalusetshenziswa kuphela yilabo bantu ababesebenza embonini yezinkampani.

2000s: iminyaka ye-smartphone

Iminyaka eyinkulungwane entsha ilethe ukubonakala kwamakhamera ahlanganisiwe, amanethiwekhi e-3G, i-GPRS, i-EDGE, i-LTE, nabanye, kanye nokusabalalisa kokugcina kwenethiwekhi yeselula ye-analog evuna amanethiwekhi edijithali.

Ukuze kwandiswe isikhathi futhi kuhlinzekwe ngezinsiza eziningi zansuku zonke, i-smartphone isibaluleke kakhulu, njengoba yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukungena ku-inthanethi, ukufunda nokuhlela amafayela ombhalo, amaspredishithi nokufinyelela ngokushesha ama-imeyili.

Kwaze kwafika unyaka we-2000 lapho i-smartphone ixhunywe kunethiwekhi yangempela ye-3G. Ngamanye amazwi, izinga lokuxhumana ngeselula lakhiwe ukuze livumele izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo ukuthi zifinyelele ku-inthanethi ngaphandle kwentambo.

Lokhu kwandise isisekelo sama-smartphones manje okwenza izinto ezifana nenkomfa ngevidiyo kanye nokuthumela okunamathiselwe kwe-imeyili okukhulu kwenzeke.

2000: ifoni yokuqala ye-bluetooth

Ifoni ye-Ericsson T36 yethule ubuchwepheshe be-Bluetooth emhlabeni wamaselula, okuvumela abathengi ukuthi baxhume ngaphandle kwentambo omakhalekhukhwini babo kumakhompyutha abo. Ucingo luphinde lunikeze ukuxhumana emhlabeni wonke ngebhendi ye-GSM 900/1800/1900, ubuchwepheshe bokubona izwi kanye ne-Aircalendar, ithuluzi elivumela abathengi ukuthi bathole izibuyekezo zesikhathi sangempela kukhalenda yabo noma incwadi yamakheli.

2002: BlackBerry smartphone yokuqala

Ngo-2002, iResearch In Motion (RIM) yagcina ihambile. IBlackBerry PDA yaba ngeyokuqala ukufaka ukuxhumana kwamaselula. Isebenza ngenethiwekhi ye-GSM, i-BlackBerry 5810 ivumele abasebenzisi ukuthi bathumele ama-imeyili, bahlele idatha yabo futhi balungiselele amanothi. Ngeshwa, ibishoda ngesipikha nemakrofoni, okusho ukuthi abasebenzisi bayo baphoqeleke ukuthi bagqoke ihedisethi enamathiselwe imakrofoni.

2002: umakhalekhukhwini wokuqala onekhamera

I-Sanyo SCP-5300 yaqeda isidingo sokuthenga ikhamera, ngoba kwakuyidivayisi yokuqala yeselula ukufaka ikhamera eyakhelwe ngaphakathi enenkinobho yesifinyezo esizinikezele. Ngeshwa, bekukhawulelwe ekulungisweni okungu-640x480, ukusondeza kwedijithali okungu-4x, nobubanzi obungamafidi ayi-3. Noma ngabe kunjalo, abasebenzisi befoni bebengathatha izithombe besohambeni bese bezithumela ku-PC yabo besebenzisa uhlelo lwesoftware.

2004: ifoni yokuqala ezacile kakhulu

Ngaphambi kokuthi i-Motorola RAZR V3 ikhishwe ngo-2004, amafoni ayevame ukuba makhulu futhi abe makhulu. I-Razr ishintshe lokho ngogqinsi oluncane lwamamilimitha ayi-14. Ifoni iphinde ibe nothi lwangaphakathi, ikhiphedi efakwe amakhemikhali, nengemuva eliluhlaza. Empeleni, ifoni yokuqala ayidalanga kuphela ukunikeza ukusebenza okuhle, kodwa futhi nokukhipha isitayela nobuhle.

2007: I-Apple iPhone

Ngenkathi u-Apple engena embonini yamaselula ngo-2007, konke kwashintsha. I-Apple ishintshe ikhibhodi evamile ngekhibhodi yokuthinta kaningi evumela amakhasimende ukuthi azizwe elawula amathuluzi omakhalekhukhwini ngeminwe yawo: ukuchofoza izixhumanisi, ukwelula/ukuncipha kwezithombe, nokuphenya ama-albhamu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, yaletha isiteji sokuqala esigcwele izinsiza zamaselula. Kwakufana nokuthatha isistimu yokusebenza kukhompuyutha uyifake ocingweni oluncane.

I-iPhone bekungeyona nje idivayisi yesikrini esithintwayo enhle kunazo zonke efika emakethe, kodwa futhi bekuyidivayisi yokuqala ukunikeza inguqulo egcwele, engakhawulelwe ye-inthanethi. I-iPhone yokuqala yanikeza abathengi amandla okuphequlula iwebhu njengoba bebengenza kukhompuyutha yedeskithophu.

Yaziqhayisa ngempilo yebhethri yamahora angu-8 esikhathi sokukhuluma (idlula ama-smartphones kusukela ngo-1992 anehora elilodwa lokuphila kwebhethri) kanye namahora angu-250 esikhathi sokulinda.

Izici zefoni ephathekayo ehlakaniphile

I-SMS

Insiza ebaluleke kakhulu kubantu abaningi isevisi yemiyalezo yombhalo (SMS). Bambalwa abakwaziyo, kodwa umyalezo wokuqala wathunyelwa ngo-1993 ngo-opharetha waseFinland. Kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuthi bonke lobu buchwepheshe bufike eLatin America, phela o-opharetha bebesacabanga ukufaka ucingo lwasendlini kumakhasimende.

Imilayezo yombhalo yayingeyona into enkulu ngaleso sikhathi, ngoba yayilinganiselwe ezinhlamvini ezimbalwa futhi ingakuvumeli ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zokuphimisa noma izinhlamvu ezikhethekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakunzima ukusebenzisa isevisi ye-SMS, ngoba kwakudingeka ukuthi, ngaphezu kweselula, iselula yomamukeli ihambisane nobuchwepheshe.

Amafoni omakhalekhukhwini akwazi ukuthumela imilayezo ngokuvamile ayefakwe ikhibhodi ye-alphanumeric, kodwa idivayisi kwakudingeka ifake izinhlamvu kunezinombolo.

amaringithoni

Omakhalekhukhwini balethe izinsimbi ezicasulayo kancane, kanti ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kuma-opharetha namadivayisi, kwaqala ukuvela amaringithoni omuntu siqu nama-polyphonic, into eyenza abantu bachitha imali eningi ukuze nje babe nezintandokazi zezingoma zabo.

izikrini zombala

Ngaphandle kokungabaza, yonke into yayihamba phambili kubathengi, kodwa kukhona okwakusashoda ukuze umakhalekhukhwini uqedwe: kwakuyimibala. Amadivayisi anezikrini ze-monochrome awazange aveze yonke into amehlo ethu ayengayiqonda.

Khona-ke abakhiqizi bethula izikrini ezinezikali ezimpunga, insiza evumela ukuhlukanisa izithombe. Naphezu kwalokhu, akekho owanelisekile, ngoba yonke into yayibonakala ingekho ngempela.

Lapho kuvela umakhalekhukhwini wokuqala wemibala engu-XNUMX, abantu babecabanga ukuthi wawuqeda umhlaba, ngoba kwakuwubuchwepheshe obumangalisayo begajethi encane kangaka.

Akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuthi amadivayisi athole izikrini ezimangalisayo ezinemibala engu-64.000, kwase kuvela izikrini ezinemibala efika ku-256. Izithombe sezivele zibukeka zingokoqobo futhi yayingekho indlela yokubona ukuntuleka kwemibala. Ngokusobala, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akuzange kume futhi namuhla omakhalekhukhwini banemibala eyizigidi ezingu-16, insiza ebalulekile kumadivayisi wokuxazulula okuphezulu.

Imiyalezo ye-multimedia ne-inthanethi

Ngokukwazi ukubonisa izithombe ezimibalabala, omakhalekhukhwini abazange bathathe isikhathi eside ukuthola insiza yemiyalezo edumile ye-MMS multimedia. Imilayezo ye-multimedia, ekuqaleni, ingaba usizo ukuthumela izithombe kwabanye oxhumana nabo, nokho, ngokuvela kwesevisi, i-MMS isiphenduke isevisi esekela nokuthumela amavidiyo. Kucishe kufane nokuthumela i-imeyili.

Okwafunwa yiwo wonke umuntu kwagcina kutholakala kumaselula: i-inthanethi. Yebo, i-inthanethi efinyelelwa ngomakhalekhukhwini yayingefani ne-inthanethi abantu abayisebenzisa kumakhompyutha, kodwa lokho kufanele kuguquke maduze nje. Izingosi ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe amakhasi eselula (abizwa ngokuthi amakhasi e-WAP), anokuqukethwe okuncishisiwe kanye nemininingwane embalwa.

Ama-smartphones anamuhla

Kunomehluko omkhulu kuhardware kusukela ngo-2007 kuze kube namuhla. Ngamafuphi, yonke into isithuthuke kakhulu.

- Kukhona inkumbulo okuningi
- Amadivayisi ashesha kakhulu futhi anamandla kakhulu
- Ungasebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ngasikhathi sinye
- Amakhamera ayi-HD
- Ukusakaza umculo nevidiyo kulula, njengoba kunjalo nokudlala ku-inthanethi
– Ibhethri lihlala izinsuku esikhundleni semizuzu noma amahora ambalwa

Amasistimu wokusebenza amabili amakhulu athuthukile emakethe yama-smartphone. I-Android yakwaGoogle yamukelwe abakhiqizi abahlukene bezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ukuze baqhudelane ne-Apple iOS.

Okwamanje, i-Android iyawina, njengoba inesabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke emakethe yomhlaba, ngaphezu kuka-42%.

Ngenxa yale ntuthuko, abantu abaningi bakwazile ukushintsha amakhamera abo edijithali nama-iPod (izidlali ze-mp3) ngamafoni abo. Nakuba ama-iPhones ebaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yesethi yesici, amadivayisi we-Android asabalele kakhulu ngoba athengeka kakhulu.

Ikusasa lama-smartphone

Ama-smartphones akudala afana noSimon we-IBM asinike amazwibela alokho okungaba amadivaysi eselula. Ngo-2007, amandla ayo aguqulwa ngokuphelele yi-Apple ne-iPhone yayo. Manje, ziyaqhubeka nokuba yisisekelo sempilo yethu yansuku zonke.

Kusukela ekufakweni esikhundleni kwamakhamera ethu edijithali nezidlali zomculo, kuya kubasizi bomuntu siqu abafana no-Siri nokusesha ngezwi, siyekile ukusebenzisa ama-smartphone ethu ukuze sixhumane.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akukwazi ukuma, ngakho-ke abakhiqizi abayeki ukwethula amadivaysi amaningi, anezici eziyinkimbinkimbi nemisebenzi ethakazelisa nakakhulu.

Intuthuko yama-smartphone iyaqhubeka nokukhula kancane. Kunzima ukubikezela ukuthi yini ezolandela, kodwa kubukeka sengathi ukubuyela emuva kumafoni anezikrini zokuthinta ezigoqekayo kungenzeka. Imiyalo yezwi nayo kulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke nokukhula.

Sezadlula izinsuku lapho kudingeke ukuthi sidele amakhono amaningi esiwajabulelayo kumakhompyutha aphathekayo noma amadeskithophu ngenkathi sisohambeni. Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe beselula kusivumele ukuba sibe nezinketho eziningi endleleni esibhekana ngayo nomsebenzi wethu nemisebenzi yokuzilibazisa.