Canon

Lolu wuphawu oluthandwa abaningi. ICanon yinkampani yaseJapan edume umhlaba wonke. Namuhla, banamakhamera akhomba futhi adubule kanye nama-DSLR.

ICanon yenza amalensi amaningana, okuhlanganisa nochungechunge lwe-3L, athathwa njengahamba phambili ezithombeni futhi aphushe imbangi yakhe u-Sony emqhudelwaneni.

Nikon

Abathwebuli bezithombe abaningi abangochwepheshe basebenzisa i-Nikon, eyenza umugqa wezinga eliphezulu lamakhamera okulula ukuwasebenzisa.

Lo mkhiqizo awunantshisekelo ekwenzeni amakhamera entsha noma imakethe esetshenziswayo. Ziyimikhiqizo yekhwalithi engcono kakhulu futhi enokuqina okuhle.

Sony

I-Sony yayingenye yezinkampani zokuqala ukungena emakethe yekhamera yedijithali futhi namuhla isasele ngaphambi komncintiswano esigabeni.

Unomugqa we-DSLR; kodwa-ke, igxile kakhulu emakethe ye-point-and-shoot. Abaningi bakubheka njengesinqumo sebhizinisi esihlakaniphile ukuhlanganisa intsha emikhiqizweni yabo ukuze ibe abathengi bakusasa.

Pentax

Uma kukhulunywa ngentengo, ikhwalithi kanye nesipiliyoni, ayikho inkampani encintisana nePentax. I-Canon ne-Nikon izobiza kakhulu kunekhamera efanayo ye-Pentax, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukuyiqhathanisa.

Lo mkhiqizo waziwa ngokwakha ikhamera ethembekile. Iphinde yaqashelwa ngokungasebenzisi amaqhinga okuthengisa akhohlisayo.

Ihambisana nezinguqulo eziningi ezahlukene zamalensi, ikunikeza ithuba lokusebenzisa leyo osuvele unayo. Futhi ikhamera yayo ye-Optio point-and-shoot engangeni manzi ikufanele ukubalula.

Olympus

Abathengi abaningi bathanda abakubona ku-Olympus, okuvame ukunganakwa ngoba ayibonakali kangako.

Lo mkhiqizo unikeza ukubukeka okwenziwe kahle okunezici eziningi kanye nenani eliphansi, okwenza kube inketho enhle kunoma ubani ofuna inketho ethengekayo.

Samsung

AbakwaSamsung banikeza ikhamera yedijithali ethengekayo enesitayela futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa.

Njenge-Olympus, inezici zobuchwepheshe ezingcono kakhulu zenani elincane lemali. Iphinde ibe nesistimu yokudlulisa izithombe elula nesebenziseka kalula.

Panasonic

Inokwethenjelwa futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa, amakhamera athatha izithombe ezinhle futhi imodi ye-3D ifanele ukushiwo.

Abaningi bayavuma ukuthi lo mkhiqizo unenani elihle lemali. Qiniseka ukuthi uyayihlola lapho unquma ukuthi yikuphi okulungele ukukuthengela.

Casio

Lona uhlobo lwekhamera oluvame ukunganakwa. Ungakhohliswa usayizi omncane, ngoba wenza umsebenzi omuhle.

Ukuhlola lezi zinhlobo ezingu-8 kuyindlela enhle yokuqala usesho lwakho lwekhamera yedijithali.

Uyawazi amakhamera edijithali angcono kakhulu?

Amakhamera edijithali ayizinto ezithandwayo ezithengwa abathengi. Ngenxa yokusebenziseka kalula, akudingekile ukuba namakhono adingekayo ukuze uthathe izithombe ezinhle.

Ucwaningo olwenziwe ukuhlola imibono yabathengi lukhombisa ukuthi yimaphi amakhamera edijithali afunwa kakhulu. Hlola zonke izinketho, ukhumbule ukuthi kungase kube namakhamera avela kulayini ofanayo anezinguqulo ezingcono, njengoba ucwaningo lwenziwa ngo-2020.

Amakhamera we-DSLR:

1.I-Nikon D3200
2. Canon EOS Rebel T5
3.I-Nikon D750
4.I-Nikon D3300
5. ICanon EOS Rebel SL1
6.Canon EOS Rebel T5i
7.Canon EOS 7D MkII
8.I-Nikon D5500
9. Canon EOS 5D Mark III
10.I-Nikon D7200
11.I-Canon EOS 6D
12.I-Nikon D7000
13.I-Nikon D5300
14.I-Nikon D7100
15. I-Sony SLT-A58K
16.I-Nikon D3100
17.Canon EOS Rebel T3i
18.Sony A77II
19.Canon EOS Rebel T6s
20. I-Pentax K-3II

Khomba bese udubula amakhamera:

1. Canon PowerShot Elph 110 HS
2.Canon PowerShot S100
3. Canon PowerShot ELPH 300 HS
4. I-Sony Cybershot DSC-WX150
5. Canon Powershot SX260 HS
6.I-Panasonic Lumix ZS20
7. ICanon Powershot Pro S3 IS Series
8.Canon PowerShot SX50
9. I-Panaonic DMC-ZS15
10.Nikon Coolpix L810
11.Canon PowerShot G15
12.SonyDSC-RX100
13.Fujifilm FinePix S4200
14. Canon PowerShot ELPH 310 HS
15.Canon Powershot A1300
16.Fujifilm X100
17. I-Nikon Coolpix AW100 Ingangeni manzi
18. I-Panasonic Lumix TS20 Ingangeni manzi

umlando wamakhamera

Ikhamera yokuqala yavela ku-1839, eyakhiwe ngumFulentshi uLouis Jacques Mandé Daguerre, nokho, yaduma kuphela ngo-1888 ngokuvela komkhiqizo we-Kodak. Kusukela lapho, ukuthwebula izithombe kuye kwaba ubuciko obaziswa abantu abaningi. Ngokwe-etymology yaleli gama, ukuthwebula izithombe kusho ukubhala ngokukhanya noma ukudweba ngokukhanya.

Namuhla, ngenxa yokuduma kwezithombe zedijithali, ukukhanya akubalulekile ekuthwebuleni isithombe njengoba kwakunjalo ngenkathi kusetshenziswa ifilimu ezwelayo. Nakuba ukukhanya kusabalulekile ukuze wakhe isithombe, ngokusebenzisa izinzwa zedijithali kuphela. Nokho, ngisho nangabo bonke ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa namuhla futhi anokulungiswa okuphezulu nokunemba asekhona amakhamera, amakhamera e-analog asakhula.

Kodwa, ezinguqulweni ezigqamile nezenziwe zaba ngezakho, ezinemisebenzi ye-analog nedijithali, edonsa ukunaka kochwepheshe bezithombe nabashisekeli emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, konke kwaqala ngokudalwa kwekhamera obscura, lapho kwathathwa khona izithombe, kodwa abazange bamelane nokuchayeka ekukhanyeni nesikhathi.

Khona-ke, ngonyaka ka-1816, umFulentshi uJoseph Nicéphore Niépce waqala ukuqopha izithombe ngekhamera obscura. Kodwa kusukela ekutholakaleni kwayo akubanga khona ukuguquguquka okukhulu emlandweni wezithombe ze-analog. Eqinisweni, bachithe iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 basebenzisa izimiso zokubonwayo ezifanayo namafomethi adalwe ngu-Niépce.

Ekugcineni, njengoba iminyaka idlula, amakhamera ancipha futhi aphathwa kalula futhi kulula ukuwaphatha. Ngalokhu, ukuthwebula izithombe kungasetshenziswa ngezinga elikhulu ngabezindaba bomhlaba, ngenxa yalokho, izimfuno zochwepheshe bezithombe zezithombe zanda kakhulu. Namuhla, abantu abaningi banokuthwebula izithombe njengento yokuzilibazisa, ngakho bancamela indlela endala yokuthwebula izithombe ezithombeni zedijithali zanamuhla.

Ikhamera yezithombe

Ikhamera ithathwa njengethuluzi lokubona. Inhloso yawo ukuthwebula nokuqopha isithombe sangempela efilimini ezwela ukukhanya okuwela kuyo. Ngamafuphi, ikhamera emile ngokuyisisekelo iyi-obscura yekhamera enembobo kuyo. Esikhundleni sembobo, nokho, i-lens eguqukayo esebenza ngokuguqula imisebe yokukhanya edlula kuyo iye endaweni eyodwa. Ngakho ngaphakathi kwekhamera kunefilimu engezwani nokukhanya, ngakho lapho ukukhanya kungena kulens, kuqoshwa isithombe kufilimu.

Futhi, igama elinikezwe ilensi ebekwe endaweni yembobo ilensi yenhloso. Futhi le lensi ifakwe ngendlela eyenza isondele noma iqhelelene nefilimu, ishiye into ibukhali efilimini. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokusondeza i-lens eduze noma kude ibizwa ngokuthi ukugxila.

Uhlobo oludala

Ukuze uthwebule isithombe, uchungechunge lwezinqubo lusebenza ngaphakathi kwekhamera. Okusho ukuthi, lapho udubula umshini, i-diaphragm engaphakathi kuwo ivuleka ingxenyena yomzuzwana. Ngalokhu, kuvumela ukungena kokukhanya kanye nokuzwela kwefilimu. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ungagxila kanjani entweni ukuze isithombe sibukhali kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho umphumela uzoba isithombe ngaphandle kokugxila. Ukuze wazi ukuthi ungagxila kanjani ngendlela efanele, khumbula ukuthi uma into ikude ne-lens yenhloso, kufanele ibe seduze ngangokunokwenzeka nefilimu futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.

Isebenza kanjani i-obscura yekhamera

I-camera obscura yibhokisi elinembobo encane okudlula kuyo ukukhanya kwelanga. Futhi isebenza ngokunciphisa ukungena kokukhanya ukuze isithombe sakheke. Isibonelo, thatha ibhokisi elivuliwe, ukukhanya kuzongena futhi kubonakale ezindaweni ezahlukene ngaphakathi kwebhokisi. Ngakho-ke, asikho isithombe esizovela, ukufiphala okungamile. Kodwa uma uvala ibhokisi ngokuphelele futhi uvele wenze imbobo encane ohlangothini olulodwa, ukukhanya kuzodlula kuphela emgodini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-beam yokukhanya izovezwa phansi kwebhokisi, kodwa ngendlela ehlanekezelwe, yakha isithombe esicacile salokho okuphambi komgodi. Futhi leyo yindlela i-lens yekhamera esebenza ngayo.

Ikhamera emnyama

Nokho, isimiso se-camera obscura sidala kakhulu, sicashunwa ezinye zezazi zefilosofi ezinjengo-Aristotle noPlato, abasebenzisa isimiso lapho bedala Inganekwane Yomgede. Ngekhulu leshumi nane neshumi nanhlanu, abadwebi besikhathi abafana noLeonardo da Vinci basebenzisa i-obscura yekhamera ukuze bapende, besebenzisa isithombe esivezwe ngemuva kwekhamera.

Ngakho-ke, imbobo eyenziwe ku-obscura yekhamera encane, isithombe sizoba bukhali, ngoba uma imbobo inkulu, ukukhanya kuzongena kakhulu. Lokhu kuzobangela ukuthi incazelo yesithombe ilahleke. Kodwa uma umgodi wawumncane kakhulu, isithombe sasingaba mnyama. Ecabanga ngakho, ngo-1550, umcwaningi waseMilan ogama lakhe linguGirolamo Cardano wanquma ukubeka ilensi phambi komgodi, owaxazulula inkinga. Kusukela ngo-1568, uDaniele Bárbaro wasungula indlela yokushintsha ubukhulu bomgodi, okwenza kube ne-diaphragm yokuqala. Ekugcineni, ngo-1573, u-Inácio Danti wengeza isibuko se-concave ukuze aguqule isithombe esibonisiwe, ukuze singabi sibheke phansi.

ukuthi ikhamera isebenza kanjani

Ikhamera ye-analog isebenza ngezinqubo zamakhemikhali nezomshini, ezihlanganisa izingxenye ezinesibopho sokubona, okokufaka ukukhanya, kanye nokuthwebula isithombe. Ngokuyisisekelo, kuyindlela efanayo neso lomuntu elisebenza ngayo. Ngoba uma uvula amehlo akho, ukukhanya kudlula i-cornea, iris kanye nabafundi. Amaphuzu abe esekhonjiswa ku-retina, enesibopho sokuthwebula nokuguqula okusendaweni ephambi kwamehlo kube isithombe.

Njengaku-obscura yekhamera, isithombe esakheka kuyi-retina siyahlanekezelwa, kodwa ubuchopho buyaqikelela ukushiya isithombe sisesimweni esifanele. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sangempela, njengakukhamera.

ngaphakathi ekamelweni

Ikhamera yezithombe yavela kumgomo wekhamera obscura. Ngoba, njengoba isithombe sasingenakuqoshwa, sasivezwa kuphela ngaphansi kwebhokisi, ngakho zazingekho izithombe. Uma ucabanga indlela yokuqopha lesi sithombe, kuvela ikhamera yokuqala yesithombe.

Lapho umsunguli ongumFulentshi, uJoseph Nicéphore Niépce, emboza ipuleti likathayela ngetiyela elimhlophe elivela eJudiya, wabe esefaka leli puleti ngaphakathi kwekhamera obscura wayeselivala. Ube esekhomba iwindi wadedela isithombe amahora ayisishiyagalombili. Futhi ngakho-ke ifilimu yokuqala yezithombe yazalwa. Khona-ke, ngo-1839, uLouis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre wethula into yokuqala eyadalelwa ukuthwebula izithombe, ebizwa ngokuthi i-daguerreotype, eyaqala ukudayiswa emhlabeni wonke.

Igumbi: I-Calotype

Kodwa-ke, kwakunguWilliam Henry Fox-Talbot owadala inqubo ye-negative ne-positive ezithombeni, ebizwa ngokuthi i-calotyping. Yilokho okwavunyelwa ukukhiqiza izithombe ngezinga elikhulu, futhi kwavela amakhadi okuposa okuqala. Ngemva kwalokho, intuthuko iqhubekile, namakhamera njengoba siwazi namuhla, anamalensi athuthukisiwe, ifilimu, ngisho nezithombe zedijithali.

izingxenye zekhamera

Ngokuyisisekelo, ikhamera emile iyikhamera engacacile, kodwa yenziwe yaphelela. Okusho ukuthi, iqukethe indlela yokulawula okokufaka kokukhanya (i-shutter), ingxenye yokubona (ilensi yenjongo) kanye nokokusebenza lapho isithombe sizokhiqizwa kabusha noma sirekhodwa khona (ifilimu yezithombe noma inzwa yedijithali). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhamera yezithombe iqukethe phakathi kwezingxenye zayo eziyinhloko umzimba, okuyindawo lapho i-shutter, i-flash, i-diaphragm nazo zonke ezinye izindlela eziyenza isebenze, njenge:

1. Inhloso

Kubhekwa njengomphefumulo wekhamera yezithombe, ngoba ukukhanya kudlula isethi yamalensi, lapho aqondiswa khona ngendlela ehlelekile ebheke ifilimu yezithombe, akha isithombe.

2- Shutter

Yilokho okunquma ukuthi ifilimu noma inzwa yedijithali izovezwa isikhathi esingakanani ekukhanyeni, ivuleka lapho inkinobho yokuvala icindezelwa, okuvumela ukukhanya kungene kukhamera. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isivinini se-shutter esizocacisa ubukhali besithombe, esingahluka kusuka ku-30 ​​kuya ku-1/4000 s. Ngakho-ke uma ishiywa ivuliwe isikhathi eside kakhulu, umphumela uzoba isithombe esilufifi.

3- Isikrini

Kungesitholi sokubuka lapho ungabona khona isigameko noma into ofuna ukuyithwebula. Ngamanye amazwi, imbobo ephakathi kwamalensi abekwe ngendlela efanele nezibuko ezovumela umthwebuli wezithombe ukuthi abone kahle isimo azosithwebula.

4- I-diaphragm

Ibophezelekile ngenani lokukhanya okungena kukhamera, okubonisa ukushuba ifilimu noma inzwa yedijithali ezothola ngakho ukukhanya. Okusho ukuthi, i-diaphragm inquma ukuthi imishini izothola ukukhanya okukhulu kakhulu noma okuncane kakhulu. Eqinisweni, ukusebenza kwe-diaphragm kufana nokwenhlamvu yeso lomuntu, enesibopho sokulawula ukukhanya okubanjwa amehlo.

Nokho, imbobo ihlale ivulekile, ngakho kukumthwebuli wezithombe ukuthi anqume ukuthi imbobo ikuphi. Ngakho indawo yokuvula ne-shutter kufanele ilungiswe ndawonye ukuze uthole isithombe osifunayo. Futhi, indawo yokuvula ikalwa ngenani elinqunywe uhlamvu “f”, ngakho uma inani eliphansi lika-f liphansi, imbobo izovuleka kakhulu.

5- I-Photometer

Indlela enesibopho sokunquma ukuchayeka okufanele ngaphambi kokuchofoza isivalo. Okusho ukuthi, imitha ihumusha ukukhanya okuzungezile ngokuvumelana nezilungiselelo ezinqunywe umthwebuli wezithombe. Futhi, ukulinganisa kwayo kuvela eruleni elincane ekhamera, ngakho-ke lapho umcibisholo uphakathi nendawo, kusho ukuthi ukuchayeka kulungele isithombe. Nokho, uma umcibisholo ungakwesobunxele, isithombe sizoba mnyama, kwesokudla, kusho ukuthi kunokuchayeka kokukhanya okuningi okuzokwenza sikhanye kakhulu.

6- Ifilimu yezithombe

Ihlukile kukhamera ye-analog, ifilimu yezithombe isetshenziselwa ukuphrinta izithombe. Ngenxa yalokho, usayizi wayo ojwayelekile ungu-35mm, usayizi ofanayo wenzwa yedijithali esetshenziswa kumakhamera edijithali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifilimu yenziwe ngesisekelo sepulasitiki, eguquguqukayo futhi esobala, ehlanganiswe ungqimba oluncane lwamakristalu esiliva, oluzwela kakhulu ekukhanyeni.

Ngamafuphi, lapho ishutha ikhululwa, ukukhanya kungena ekhamera futhi kungene efilimini. Khona-ke, lapho ephathwa ngamakhemikhali (emulsion), amaphuzu okukhanya athathwe amakristalu esiliva ayasha bese kuvela isithombe esithunjiwe.

Izinga lokuzwela ukukhanya kwefilimu likalwa nge-ISO. Futhi phakathi kwalezo ezitholakalayo kukhona i-ISO 32, 40, 64, 100, 125, 160, 200, 400, 800, 3200. Isilinganiso sokuzwela esimaphakathi yi-ISO 400. Ukukhumbula ukuthi uma iphansi inombolo ye-ISO, ifilimu izwela kakhulu.

Namuhla, ngisho nangabo bonke ubuchwepheshe obutholakalayo, obunamakhamera edijithali ekhwalithi ephezulu nokunemba, amakhamera e-analogi aziswa abaningi abathanda izithombe. Lokhu kungenxa yekhwalithi yezithombe ezithathiwe, ezingadingi ukuhlelwa njengezidijithali.

Ngokusho kwabathwebuli bezithombe, ukusetshenziswa kwefilimu kuyaziswa ngoba ububanzi bayo obuguquguqukayo buphakeme kunedijithali. Futhi izithombe ezithwetshiwe azikwazi ukusulwa njengoba kwenzeka ngezithombe zedijithali, ezikhiqiza izithombe eziyingqayizivele nezingashicilelwe. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinkampani ezifana ne-Fuji ne-Kodak azisathengisi ifilimu yezithombe.