Umehluko phakathi kobuchwepheshe bokubonisa

Njengamanje kunamaphaneli amaningi ama-Smart TV, ngalinye linezici zalo kanye nobuchwepheshe. Lapha sikubonisa ngayinye ukuze wazi ukuthi iyiphi ekulungele.

I-LCD

Ubuchwepheshe be-LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) bunikeza ukuphila kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-liquid crystal display. Banephaneli yengilazi encane enamakristalu alawulwa ngogesi ngaphakathi, phakathi kwamashidi abonisa ngale (okuyizihlungi ze-polarizing).

Le phaneli yekristalu ewuketshezi ikhanyiswa isibani se-CCFL (fluorescent). I-backlight emhlophe ikhanyisa amaseli ombala oyinhloko (oluhlaza, obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-RGB edumile) futhi yilokhu okwakha izithombe zombala ozibonayo.

Ukuqina kwamandla kagesi etholwa yikristalu ngayinye ichaza umumo wayo, okuvumela ukukhanya okuningi noma okuncane kudlule kusihlungi esakhiwe amaphikseli amancane amathathu.

Kule nqubo, ama-transistors aqala ukudlala ohlotsheni lwefilimu, igama layo iThin Film Transistor (TFT). Yingakho kuvamile ukubona amamodeli e-LCD/TFT. Nokho, isifinyezo asibhekiseli kolunye uhlobo lwesikrini se-LCD, kodwa engxenyeni evamile yezikrini ze-LCD.

Isikrini se-LCD ngokuyisisekelo sinezinkinga ezimbili: 1) kunezigidi zenhlanganisela yemibala futhi isikrini se-LCD kwesinye isikhathi asithembekile kangako; 2) okumnyama akulona neze iqiniso kakhulu, ngoba ingilazi kufanele ivimbe konke ukukhanya ukuze yakhe indawo emnyama engu-100%, ubuchwepheshe kuphela obungakwazi ukukwenza ngokunembile, okuholela "kumnyama omnyama" noma omnyama okhanyayo.

Kuzikrini ze-TFT LCD kungenzeka futhi ube nezinkinga nge-engeli yokubuka uma ungabhekenga ngo-100% isikrini. Lena akuyona inkinga etholakala ku-LCD, kodwa ku-TFT kanye nama-LCD TV ane-IPS, njengalawo avela kwa-LG, sinama-engeli wokubuka abanzi.

LED

I-LED (Light Emitting Diode) iyi-diode ekhipha ukukhanya. Ngamanye amazwi, amathelevishini anezikrini ze-LED awalutho ngaphandle kwamathelevishini anesikrini se-LCD (okungenzeka noma singabi yi-IPS) esinesibani sangemuva esisebenzisa ama-diode akhipha ukukhanya.

Inzuzo yayo enkulu ukuthi idla amandla amancane kunephaneli ye-LCD yendabuko. Ngakho-ke, i-LED isebenza ngendlela efanayo ne-LCD, kodwa ukukhanya okusetshenzisiwe kuhlukile, ngama-diode akhipha ukukhanya kwesibonisi se-crystal liquid. Esikhundleni sokuthi sonke isikrini sithole ukukhanya, amachashazi akhanyiswa ngokuhlukana, okuthuthukisa incazelo, imibala nokugqama.

Sicela uqaphele: 1) I-LCD TV isebenzisa Lamps Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFL) ukuze ikhanyise yonke indawo engezansi yephaneli; 2) kuyilapho i-LED (uhlobo lwe-LCD) isebenzisa uchungechunge lwama-diode akhipha ukukhanya (ama-LED) amancane, asebenza kahle kakhulu ukuze kukhanye le phaneli.

OLED

Kuvamile ukuzwa ukuthi i-OLED (i-Organic Light-Emitting Diode) iwukuvela kwe-LED (Light Emitting Diode), ngoba iyi-organic diode, izinto ezibonakalayo ziyashintsha.

Ama-OLED, ngenxa yalobu buchwepheshe, awasebenzisi ukukhanya okungemuva okuvamile kwawo wonke amaphikseli awo, akhanyisa ngawodwana lapho ugesi udlula ngakunye kuwo. Okusho ukuthi, amaphaneli e-OLED anokukhishwa kwawo kokukhanya, ngaphandle kokukhanya kwangemuva.

Izinzuzo ziyimibala egqamile, ukukhanya nokugqama. Njengoba i-pixel ngayinye inokuzimela ekukhishweni kokukhanya, uma kufika isikhathi sokukhiqiza kabusha umbala omnyama, kwanele ukucisha ukukhanya, okuqinisekisa "abamnyama abamnyama" nokusebenza kahle kwamandla kakhudlwana. Ngokukhipha iphaneli yokukhanya iyonke, izikrini ze-OLED ngokuvamile ziba mncane futhi zivumelana nezimo.

Izinkinga zayo ezimbili: 1) inani eliphezulu, uma kubhekwa izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphezulu zesikrini se-OLED uma kuqhathaniswa ne-LED noma i-LCD yendabuko; 2) I-TV inesikhathi esifushane sokuphila.

AbakwaSamsung, isibonelo, bayakugxeka ukusetshenziswa kwezikrini ze-OLED kumathelevishini futhi bakubheka njengokufanelekile kuma-smartphones (ashintsha ngokushesha) ngokukhetha izikrini ze-QLED. Labo abasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-OLED kumathelevishini yi-LG, Sony nePanasonic.

QLED

Ekugcineni, sifika kuma-TV we-QLED (noma i-QD-LED, i-Quantum Dot Emitting Diodes), okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwe-LCD, njenge-LED. Lokhu yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi isikrini sechashazi le-quantum: izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ze-semiconductor, ubukhulu bazo obungeqi ama-nanometers ngobubanzi. Akuyona into entsha njenge-MicroLED, isibonelo. Isicelo sayo sokuqala sokuhweba sasimaphakathi no-2013.

Isimbangi esikhulu se-OLED, i-QLED, nayo idinga umthombo wokukhanya. Yilawa makristalu amancane athola amandla futhi akhiphe amaza okukhanya ukuze adale isithombe kusikrini, akhiqize kabusha ukuhluka okukhulu kwemibala ezindaweni ezinokukhanya okukhulu noma okuncane.

U-Sony (i-Triluminos) ubengomunye wamavulandlela ekukhiqizweni kwamathelevishini amachashazi e-quantum, i-LG (evikela i-OLED) nayo inezikrini ezinalobu buchwepheshe. E-Brazil, nokho, kuvame kakhulu ukuthola izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zama-Samsung TV anesikrini se-QLED.

I-LG ne-Samsung balwela ukunakwa abathengi. I-South Korean yokuqala, i-LG, ivikela: 1) amathoni amnyama anembe kakhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kwe-OLED. Enye i-South Korea, i-Samsung, ivikela: 2) I-QLED ikhombisa imibala egqamile negqamile nezikrini ezingavikelekile "kumphumela wokushiswa" (okuvela ngokungavamile kumathelevishini).

Naphezu kwamathoni amnyama amnyama, i-OLED isengashiya amamaki kubasebenzisi besikrini esindayo nasezithombeni ezimile, njengabadlali begeyimu yevidiyo phakathi neminyaka edlule. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-QLED angafaka "abamnyama abampunga."

Inkinga yenzeka ikakhulukazi kumathelevishini alula (okufunda ashibhile). Izibonisi ezibiza kakhulu (njenge-Q9FN) zinikeza ubuchwepheshe obengeziwe obufana nokufiphalisa kwendawo, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokukhanya kuzibonisi ngokulawula ukukhanya kwangemuva ukuze kuboniswe abamnyama "abamnyama". Okwenza kube nzima ukuwahlukanisa ne-OLED.

I-MicroLED

Isithembiso sakamuva yi-MicroLED. Ubuchwepheshe obusha buthembisa ukuhlanganisa okuphambili kwe-LCD ne-OLED, okuhlanganisa izigidi zama-LED amancane angakhipha ukukhanya kwawo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesikrini se-LCD, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla nokugqama kungcono, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, kungakhipha ukukhanya okwengeziwe futhi kube nempilo ende kune-OLED.

Ngokusebenzisa isendlalelo esingaphili (ngokungafani nama-LED aphilayo, ahlala kancane) nama-LED amancane, ama-microLED, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-OLED, anga: 1) akhanye futhi ahlale isikhathi eside; 2) mancane amathuba okuthi ashise noma abe buthuntu.

TFT LCD, IPS kanye TN izikrini: umehluko

Kuhlala kunokudideka uma isihloko kuyisikrini, i-AMOLED noma i-LCD. Futhi, ngokugxila kakhulu esikrinini se-LCD, kunobuchwepheshe obuningi obuhlanganisiwe, obufana ne-TFT, IPS noma i-TN. Isho ukuthini ngayinye yalezi zifinyezo? Futhi ekusebenzeni, uyini umehluko? Lesi sihloko sichaza, ngendlela elula, ukuthi iyini inhloso yalobu buchwepheshe.

Konke lokhu kudideka kwenzeka, ngiyakholwa, ngenxa yezizathu zokumaketha nezomlando. Ezicacisweni zobuchwepheshe, ngokuvamile abakhiqizi (akuwona umthetho) bagqamisa isifinyezo se-IPS kumadivayisi analawa maphaneli.

Njengezibonelo: I-LG, ebheja kakhulu kubuchwepheshe (ngokungafani ne-Samsung, egxile ku-AMOLED), ize ifake izitembu ezigqamisa iphaneli ye-IPS kuma-smartphone. Futhi, ama-monitor ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njenge-Dell UltraSharp ne-Apple Thunderbolt Display, yi-IPS.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-smartphones ashibhe kakhulu abelokhu eqalisiwe (futhi namanje) ethulwa ngalokho okubizwa ngezikrini ze-TFT. U-Sony wayevame ukusebenzisa izikrini ezikhangiswa njenge-"TFT" kuma-smartphones ayo asezingeni eliphezulu kuze kube i-Xperia Z1, eyayinesikrini esimpofu esine-engeli yokubuka elinganiselwe kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezimbangi zayo.

Ngokuzenzakalelayo, lapho i-Xperia Z2 ifika, yakhangiswa ngokuthi "IPS" futhi kwakungekho ukugxekwa okuqinile kwezikrini kuma-smartphones abiza kakhulu akwaSony. Ngakho hamba nami.

Iyini isikrini se-TFT LCD?

Okokuqala, incazelo yesichazamazwi: I-TFT LCD imele iThin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display. NgesiNgisi, ngingahumusha leli gama eliyinqaba ngokuthi "ifilimu elincanyana le-transistor based liquid crystal display". Lokho namanje akusho okuningi, ngakho-ke asicacise izinto.

I-LCD osuyazi kahle, ngisho noma ungazi ukuthi isebenza kanjani. Lobu ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu ideskithophu yakho noma ikhompyutha ephathekayo. Idivayisi inalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "amakristalu awuketshezi", okuyizinto ezibonakalayo ezingaba yi-opaque lapho zithola amandla kagesi.

Lawa makristalu angaphakathi kwesikrini, esinama-"pixels", akhiwe imibala ebomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka (okujwayelekile kwe-RGB). Umbala ngamunye uvamise ukusekela ukuhluka kwamathoni angama-256. Ukwenza ama-akhawunti (2563), lokho kusho ukuthi iphikseli ngalinye ngokwethiyori lingakha imibala engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-16,7.

Kodwa yakha kanjani imibala yala makristalu awuketshezi? Hhayi-ke, badinga ukuthola amandla kagesi ukuze babe opaque, futhi ama-transistors anakekela lokhu: ngamunye unesibopho sephikseli.

Ngemuva kwesikrini se-LCD kukhona okuthiwa yi-backlight, ukukhanya okumhlophe okwenza isikrini sikhanye. Ngamagama alula, cabanga nami: uma wonke ama-transistors edonsa okwamanje, amakristalu awuketshezi aba yi-opaque futhi avimbele ukudlula kokukhanya (ngamanye amazwi, isikrini sizoba mnyama). Uma kungekho okukhiphayo, isikrini sizoba mhlophe.

Yilapho i-TFT iqala khona ukudlala. Kuzikrini ze-TFT LCD, izigidi zama-transistors, alawula iphikseli ngalinye lephaneli, afakwa ngaphakathi kwesikrini ngokufaka ifilimu elincanyana kakhulu lezinto ezincane kakhulu ezinama-nanometer noma ama-micrometer ambalwa (umucu wezinwele uphakathi kwama-micrometer angu-60 no-120 ubukhulu. ). Hhayi-ke, sesiyazi ukuthi iyini "ifilimu" ekhona ku-TFT efinyeziwe.

Ingena kuphi i-TN?

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, cishe wonke amaphaneli e-TFT LCD asebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-Twisted Nematic (TN) ukuze asebenze. Igama layo libangelwa ukuthi, ukuze uvumele ukukhanya kudlule ku-pixel (okungukuthi, ukwakha umbala omhlophe), i-crystal ewuketshezi ihlelwe ngesakhiwo esisontekile. Lo mfanekiso usikhumbuza leyo mifanekiso ye-DNA oyibone esikoleni esiphakeme:

Lapho i-transistor ikhipha amandla kagesi, isakhiwo "sihlukana." Amakristalu oketshezi aba yi-opaque futhi ngenxa yalokho i-pixel iba mnyama, noma ibonise umbala ophakathi phakathi komhlophe nokumnyama, kuye ngamandla asetshenziswa i-transistor. Bheka isithombe futhi futhi uqaphele indlela amakristalu oketshezi ahlelwe ngayo: i-perpendicular to substrate.

Kodwa wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi i-LCD esekwe ku-TN inemikhawulo ethile. Imibala ayizange ikhiqizwe ngokwethembeka okufanayo futhi kube nezinkinga nge-engeli yokubuka: uma ungazange umiswe ncamashi phambi kwemonitha, ubungabona ukuhluka kwemibala. Uma uqhubeka uphuma ku-engeli engu-90° ume phambi kwemonitha, imibala yayibukeka kabi kakhulu.

Umehluko kumaphaneli e-IPS?

Kwabe sekufika umbono kubo: kuthiwani uma i-crystal ewuketshezi kwakungadingeki ihlelwe ngokulinganayo? Kungaleso sikhathi lapho bakha i-In-Plane Switching (IPS). Kuphaneli ye-LCD esekelwe ku-IPS, ama-molecule ekristalu ewuketshezi ahlelwa ngokuvundlile, okungukuthi, ahambisana ne-substrate. Ngamanye amazwi, bahlala behlala endizeni efanayo ("In-Plane", thola?). Umdwebo ka-Sharp ubonisa lokhu:

Njengoba i-crystal ewuketshezi ihlale iseduze ku-IPS, i-engeli yokubuka igcina ngokuba ngcono futhi ukukhiqizwa kombala kwethembeka kakhulu. I-drawback ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe busabiza kakhulu ukukhiqiza, futhi akubona bonke abakhiqizi abazimisele ukuchitha imali eyengeziwe kuphaneli ye-IPS ekukhiqizeni i-smartphone eyisisekelo, lapho into ebalulekile ukugcina izindleko zibe zincane.

Iphuzu eliyisihluthulelo

Ngamafuphi, i-IPS iyilokho nje: indlela ehlukile yokuhlela ama-molecule ekristalu ewuketshezi. Okungashintshi mayelana ne-TN yi-transistors, elawula amaphikseli: asahlelwa ngendlela efanayo, okungukuthi, efakwe "njengefilimu encane". Akunangqondo ukusho ukuthi isikrini se-IPS singcono kune-TFT: kungafana nokuthi "Ubuntu bubi kune-Linux".

Ngakho-ke, izikrini ze-IPS ozaziyo zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-TFT. Eqinisweni, i-TFT iyindlela ebanzi kakhulu, ebuye isetshenziswe kumaphaneli e-AMOLED. Iqiniso nje lokwazi ukuthi iphaneli yi-TFT ayikhombisi ikhwalithi yayo.