Ubani owasungula i-Internet?

Siseminyakeni yawo-50 e-United States. Yisikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ukungqubuzana kwemibono nesayensi phakathi kwe-bloc emelwe amaMelika kanye naleyo eholwa yiSoviet Union. Ukuqhubekela phambili ngokumelene nesitha kwaba ukunqoba okukhulu, njengomjaho wasemkhathini. Ngalesi sizathu, uMongameli u-Eisenhower udale i-Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ngo-1958. Ngemva kweminyaka, wathola D, for Defense, futhi waba DARPA. Lesi sikhungo sibambisene nezifundiswa nosozimboni ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe emikhakheni eyahlukene, hhayi nje kwezempi.

Omunye wamavulandlela wengxenye yekhompiyutha ye-ARPA kwakungu-JCR Licklider, ovela eMassachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, futhi waqashwa ngemva kokunikeza umbono mayelana nenethiwekhi ye-galactic yamakhompyutha lapho noma iyiphi idatha ingafinyelelwa. Watshala imbewu yakho konke lokhu ejensi.

Okunye ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwaba ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yokushintsha iphakethe, indlela yokushintshanisa idatha phakathi kwemishini. Amayunithi olwazi, noma amaphakethe, athunyelwa ngalinye ngalinye ngenethiwekhi. Uhlelo lwalushesha kuneziteshi ezisekelwe eseketheni futhi lusekela izindawo ezihlukene, hhayi nje ukukhomba iphuzu. Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe amaqembu afanayo, afana no-Paul Baran we-RAND Institute, u-Donald Davies no-Roger Scantlebury we-UK National Physical Laboratory, kanye no-Lawrence Roberts we-ARPA.

Kukhona futhi ukutadisha nokusebenzisa ama-node, amaphuzu okuhlangana kolwazi. Zingamabhuloho phakathi kwemishini exhumana yodwa futhi esebenza njengendawo yokulawula, ukuze ulwazi lungalahleki phakathi nohambo futhi konke ukudluliswa kufanele kuqalwe kabusha. Konke ukuxhunywa kwenziwa ngaphansi kwentambo, futhi izisekelo zamasosha nezikhungo zocwaningo zaba ngezokuqala ngoba zase zinalesi sakhiwo.

I-ARPANET iyazalwa

NgoFebhuwari 1966, kwaqala inkulumo ngenethiwekhi ye-ARPA, noma i-ARPANET. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kwakuwukuthuthukisa ama-IMP, izixhumanisi zokucubungula imilayezo. Amanodi aphakathi nendawo, angaxhuma amaphuzu enethiwekhi. Ungababiza ngogogo nomkhulu bama-routers. Kodwa konke kwakukusha kangangokuthi ukuxhumeka kokuqala kunethiwekhi akuzange kusungulwe kuze kube ngu-Okthoba 29, 1969. Kwenzeka phakathi kwe-UCLA, i-University of California, eLos Angeles, ne-Stanford Research Institute, cishe amakhilomitha angu-650.

Umlayezo wokuqala oshintshiwe uzoba umlayezo wokungena futhi uhambe kahle. Izinhlamvu ezimbili zokuqala zakhonjwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, kodwa uhlelo lwabe lungaxhumekile ku-inthanethi. Kulungile: lolu usuku lokuxhumana kokuqala kanye nokushayisana kokuqala. Futhi igama lokuqala eladluliselwa kwaba ... "it".

Inethiwekhi yokuqala ye-ARPANET yama-node yayilungile ekupheleni kwalowo nyaka futhi isivele isebenza kahle, ixhuma amaphuzu amabili ashiwo ngenhla, iNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eSanta Barbara kanye neNyuvesi yase-Utah School of Informatics, ekude kancane, eSalt. Lake City. I-ARPANET ingumanduleli omkhulu walokho esikubiza nge-inthanethi.

Futhi nakuba isignali yokuqala yayiyizempi, umfutho wokuthuthukisa bonke lobu buchwepheshe kwakuyimfundo. Kunenganekwane yokuthi i-ARPANET ibiyindlela yokonga idatha uma kwenzeka kuhlasela yenuzi, kodwa isifiso esikhulu kwakuwukuba ososayensi baxhumane futhi bafinyeze amabanga.

Nweba futhi uguquke

Ku-71, sekuvele kukhona amaphuzu angu-15 kunethiwekhi, ingxenye yawo okungenzeka ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwe-PNC. I-Network Control Protocol kwakuyiphrothokholi yokuqala yeseva ye-ARPANET futhi yachaza yonke inqubo yokuxhuma phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili. Yikona okwavumela ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi, njengokwabelana ngamafayela kanye nokusetshenziswa okukude kwemishini ekude.

Ngo-Okthoba 72, ukuboniswa komphakathi kokuqala kwe-ARPANET kwenziwa nguRobert Kahn emcimbini wekhompyutha. Ngalowo nyaka i-imeyili yasungulwa, indlela elula yokushintshisana ngemilayezo esesixoxile ngayo kakade esiteshini. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwase kunamaphuzu angama-29 axhunyiwe.

Yilowo nyaka esibona ngawo isixhumanisi sokuqala se-transatlantic, phakathi kwe-ARPANET nohlelo lwe-Norwegian NORSAR, ngesathelayithi. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ukuxhumana kwaseLondon kwafika. Ngakho-ke umqondo wokuthi umhlaba udinga inethiwekhi yezakhiwo ezivulekile. Kwenza wonke umqondo emhlabeni, ngoba ngaphandle kwalokho besizoba namakilabhu amancane ambalwa axhunyiwe, kodwa hhayi komunye nomunye futhi ngalinye linezakhiwo ezahlukene kanye nezivumelwano. Kungaba umsebenzi omkhulu ukuhlanganisa konke ndawonye.

Kodwa kube nenkinga: iphrothokholi ye-NCP yayinganele kulokhu kushintshaniswa okuvulekile kwamaphakethe phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho uVint Cerf noRobert Kahn baqala ukusebenzela omunye ozongena esikhundleni sakhe.

Enye iphrojekthi eseceleni i-Ethernet, eyathuthukiswa e-Xerox Parc yodumo ngo-73. Njengamanje ingesinye sezingqimba zesixhumanisi sedatha, futhi yaqala njengesethi yezincazelo zamakhebuli kagesi namasignali okuxhumana kwendawo. Unjiniyela u-Bob Metcalfe ushiye i-Xerox ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka ukuze akhe i-consortium futhi akholise izinkampani ukuthi zisebenzise izinga. Phela usephumelele.

Ngo-1975, i-ARPANET ithathwa njengesebenzayo futhi isivele inemishini engama-57. Kungalowo nyaka futhi lapho i-ejensi yezokuvikela yase-US ilawula lo msebenzi. Qaphela ukuthi le nethiwekhi ayikabi nakho ukucabanga kwezohwebo, kuphela ezempi nezesayensi. Izingxoxo zomuntu siqu azikhuthazwa, kodwa futhi azinqatshelwe.

Inguquko ye-TCP/IP

Kwabe sekuzalwa i-TCP/IP, noma ibha Yephrothokholi Yokulawula Ukudlulisa, yazalwa. Bekuyindinganiso yokuxhumana yamadivayisi futhi kusenjalo, isethi yezendlalelo ezisungula lokhu kuxhumana ngaphandle kokwakha kabusha wonke amanethiwekhi akhiwe kuze kube yileso sikhathi.

I-IP isendlalelo sekheli elibonakalayo labathumeli bephakethe nabamukeli. Ngiyazi ukuthi konke lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa isihloko sethu lapha sihlukile.

NgoJanuwari 1, 1983, i-ARPANET ishintsha ngokusemthethweni umthetho olandelwayo usuka ku-NCP uye ku-TCP/IP kwenye ingqophamlando ye-inthanethi. Futhi abakhi uRobert Kahn noVint Cerf bafaka amagama abo emlandweni wezobuchwepheshe unomphela. Ngonyaka olandelayo, inethiwekhi ihlukana kabili. Ingxenye yokuxhumana nokushintshisana kwamafayela ezempi, i-MILNET, nengxenye yomphakathi neyesayensi esabizwa nge-ARPANET, kodwa ngaphandle kwamanodi athile asekuqaleni. Kwacaca ukuthi ngeke aphile yedwa.

hlanganisa konke

Ngo-1985, i-intanethi yayisivele isungulwe njengobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana phakathi kwabacwaningi nabathuthukisi, kodwa igama alizange lisetshenziswe kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi, lapho amanethiwekhi eqala ukwakha isakhiwo esisodwa. Kancane kancane, yayizophuma emanyuvesi futhi iqale ukwamukelwa yibhizinisi futhi, ekugcineni, umphakathi odlayo.

Ngakho sibona ukuqhuma kwamanethiwekhi amancane asevele enomphakathi omncane ogxile kokuthile. Lokhu kuyindaba ye-CSNet, ehlanganise amaqembu ocwaningo lwesayensi yekhompyutha futhi yaba enye yezindlela zokuqala zesayensi. Noma i-Usenet, eyayiyisandulela sezinkundla zezingxoxo noma amaqembu ezindaba futhi yasungulwa ngo-1979.

Futhi i-Bitnet, eyakhiwe ngo-81 ukuze ithumele i-imeyili nefayela, futhi exhume amanyuvesi angaphezu kuka-2500 emhlabeni jikelele. Enye edumile i-NSFNET, evela kusisekelo esifanayo sesayensi saseMelika esasiphethe i-CSNet, ukuze kube lula ukufinyelela kwabacwaningi kumakhompyutha amakhulu kanye nesizindalwazi. Wayengomunye wabasekeli abakhulu bezinga eliphakanyiswe yi-ARPANET futhi wasiza ukusabalalisa ukufakwa kwamaseva. Lokhu kugcina ngokwakhiwa komgogodla we-NSFNET, owawungu-56 kbps.

Futhi kunjalo, sikhuluma kakhulu nge-United States, kodwa amazwe amaningana agcine amanethiwekhi afanayo angaphakathi futhi anwetshwa ku-TCP/IP abese azulazulela kuzinga le-WWW ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kukhona i-MINITEL yaseFrance, isibonelo, eyayisemoyeni kwaze kwaba ngu-2012.

Iminyaka yawo-80 isebenzela ukukhulisa i-inthanethi esencane futhi iqinise ingqalasizinda yokuxhumana phakathi kwama-node, ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukiswa kwamasango kanye namarutha azayo. Engxenyeni yokuqala yeshumi leminyaka, ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu yazalwa ne-IBM PC kanye ne-Macintosh. Futhi amanye amaphrothokholi aqala ukwamukelwa imisebenzi eyahlukene.

Abantu abaningi basebenzisa i-File Transfer Protocol, i-FTP endala enhle, ukuze benze inguqulo engajwayelekile yokulanda. Ubuchwepheshe be-DNS, okuyindlela yokuhumusha isizinda ekhelini le-IP, nabo bavela ngawo-80 futhi bamukelwa kancane kancane.

Phakathi kuka-87 no-91, i-inthanethi ikhishelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezohwebo e-United States, esikhundleni se-ARPANET kanye ne-NSFNET backbones, nabahlinzeki abazimele kanye nezindawo ezintsha zokufinyelela kunethiwekhi ngaphandle kwamanyuvesi kanye nemibuthano yezempi. Kodwa bambalwa abanentshisekelo futhi abambalwa ababona amathuba. Kukhona okwakushoda ukwenza ukuzulazula kube lula futhi kudume kakhulu.

Uguquko lweWWW

Iphuzu elilandelayo ohambweni lwethu yi-CERN, ilabhorethri yocwaningo lwenuzi yaseYurophu. Ngo-1989, uTimothy Berners-Lee, noma u-Tim, wayefuna ukuthuthukisa ukushintshaniswa kwemibhalo phakathi kwabasebenzisi kanye nonjiniyela uRobert Cailliau. Cabanga ngohlelo lokuthola ulwazi mayelana nokuxhumana phakathi kwawo wonke amakhompyutha axhunyiwe nokushintshanisa amafayela kalula.

Isixazululo kwaba ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukhona kodwa obungajwayelekile obubizwa ngokuthi i-hypertext. Kulungile, lawo magama axhumene achofozekayo noma izithombe ezikuyisa kwelinye iphuzu ku-inthanethi lapho kudingeka khona. Umphathi kaTim wayengawushisekeli kakhulu lo mbono futhi wakuthola kungacacile, ngakho umsebenzi kwadingeka uvuthwe.

Kuthiwani uma izindaba bezizinhle? Ngo-1990, kwakukhona "kuphela" lezi ntuthuko ezintathu: ama-URL, noma amakheli ahlukile okuhlonza umsuka wamakhasi ewebhu. I-HTTP, noma i-hypertext transfer protocol, okuwuhlobo oluyisisekelo lokuxhumana, kanye ne-HTML, okuyifomethi ekhethelwe ukwakheka kokuqukethwe. Kwazalwa kanjalo-ke i-World Wide Web, noma i-WWW, igama eladalwa nguye futhi esilihumusha njenge-World Wide Web.

U-Tim ubone ngeso lengqondo indawo ehlukaniselwe abanye abantu, ngakho-ke akukho mvume ezodingeka ukuze uthumele, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi indawo emaphakathi ingase ibeke engcupheni yonke into uma yehla. Ubevele ekholelwa ekungathathi hlangothi, lapho ukhokhela khona isevisi ngaphandle kokubandlululwa kwekhwalithi. Iwebhu izoqhubeka nokuba yindawo yonke futhi inamakhodi anobungani ukuze ingabi sezandleni zabambalwa kuphela. Siyazi ukuthi ekusebenzeni i-intanethi ayilungile kangako, kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okwakukhona ngaphambili, yonke into isiye yaba yintando yeningi kakhulu futhi imvelo inikeze izwi kubantu abaningi.

Kuphakheji, u-Tim udale umhleli wokuqala nesiphequluli, i-WorldWideWeb ndawonye. Ushiye i-CERN ngo-94 ukuze athole i-World Wide Web Foundation futhi asize ukuthuthukisa nokusabalalisa amazinga e-inthanethi avulekile. Namuhla useyinduna. Futhi impumelelo yakhe yokugcina enkulu elabhorethri kwaba ukusabalalisa izivumelwano ze-HTTP kanye newebhu ngekhodi ekhishwe ekhipha ukukhokhwa kwamalungelo. Lokhu kwenze kwaba lula ukusabalala kwalobu buchwepheshe.

Ngonyaka owedlule kwadalwa uMosaic, isiphequluli sokuqala esinolwazi oluyingcaca, hhayi umbhalo kuphela. Yaba yi-Netscape Navigator kanti okunye kungumlando. Izinto eziningi esizisebenzisayo namuhla ziqale kuleli shumi leminyaka: izinjini zokusesha, okuphakelayo kwe-RSS, iFlash ethandwayo nezondwayo, njll. Ukukunikeza umbono, i-IRC yadalwa ngo-'88, i-ICQ yaphuma ngo-'96 kanye ne-Napster ngo-'99. Obunye balobu buchwepheshe bunomlando ohlukene osazofika.

Futhi bheka ukuthi sithuthuke kanjani. Kusukela ekuxhumekeni kwamakhebula phakathi kwamanyuvesi, kube nokushintshela kumanethiwekhi abanzi asebenzisa ulimi olulodwa lokuxhumana. Kwabe sekufika isikhala somhlaba wonke nesimisiwe sokushintshana ngokuqukethwe, nokuxhumana ngocingo kunethiwekhi. Abantu abaningi baqale ukusebenzisa i-inthanethi lapho, ngalowo msindo wakudala osebenze ukuhlola ulayini, ukhombisa isivinini esingaba khona se-inthanethi futhi ekugcineni umise isignali yokudlulisela.

Lokhu kuxhumana kuye kwashesha futhi kwaba yi-broadband. Namuhla asikwazi neze ukucabanga ngezimpilo zethu ngaphandle kokudluliselwa kwezimpawu ezingenantambo, okuyi-WiFi, kanye nedatha yeselula ngaphandle kwesidingo sendawo yokufinyelela, okuyi-3G, 4G, njll. Size sibe nezinkinga ngenxa yethrafikhi eyeqile: izinga le-IPV4 liminyene ngamakheli futhi ukuthuthela ku-IPV6 kuhamba kancane, kodwa kuzofika.